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When we hear the term "brainwashing" we associate it with negative connotations and manipulation. However, did you know that our brains literally have a natural mechanism that can be considered the healthy version of brainwashing? Enter cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a clear, colorless fluid that surrounds and bathes the central nervous system, playing a crucial role in maintaining the health and functionality of our brains. CSF is primarily produced within the ventricles of the brain. As well as washing the brain by transporting toxins and waste, this specialized liquid also acts as a filtration system, selectively allowing certain molecules to enter CSF, while keeping harmful substances out. The production and circulation of CSF provide an environment conducive to brain health, enabling it to function optimally. Here we will dive into the fascinating world of CSF and explore its roles in maintaining brain health.

5 Roles CSF Plays in Brain Health

1. Physical Protection

One of the primary functions of CSF is to provide physical protection to the brain. The fluid acts as a cushion, preventing the delicate neural tissue from getting damaged due to impact or sudden movements. It creates a buffer that absorbs shock and distributes it evenly across the brain, safeguarding it from potential injuries.

2. Waste Management

Imagine living in a house where garbage keeps piling up without any means of disposal. Eventually, it would become an unhealthy and unsanitary environment. Similarly, our brains generate waste products during regular metabolic activities. CSF plays a vital role in removing these waste products, such as excess proteins and metabolic byproducts, from the brain. This waste removal process helps maintain a clean and functional brain, preventing the accumulation of toxic substances.

3. Nutrient Delivery

CSF acts as a transportation system, supplying essential nutrients to the brain cells. It carries vital substances, including glucose, electrolytes, and hormones, to ensure proper nourishment of neurons and supporting cells. By providing a constant supply of nutrients, CSF promotes optimal brain function and supports the energy demands of our complex neural network.

4. Chemical Balance

Maintaining a delicate chemical balance within the brain is crucial for optimal functioning. CSF helps regulate this balance by transporting and regulating the levels of various substances, such as ions, neurotransmitters, and hormones. This balance ensures smooth communication between neurons and helps regulate mood, cognition, and overall mental health.

5. Temperature Regulation

Our brains are sensitive to changes in temperature, and even a slight increase can impair its function. CSF helps regulate brain temperature by absorbing excess heat and distributing it throughout the body, allowing for efficient cooling. This process ensures that our brains remain within the optimal temperature range for proper functioning, preventing overheating or hypothermia.

3 Roles of CSF in Clinical Management of Brain Health

1. CSF and Neurodegenerative Diseases

Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, are characterized by the progressive loss of neurons and impaired cognitive or motor functions. Recent studies have shed light on the involvement of CSF in the pathogenesis and diagnosis of these conditions. Biomarkers present in CSF, such as amyloid-beta and tau proteins, have become key indicators for early detection and monitoring disease progression. Moreover, alterations in CSF flow dynamics and clearance mechanisms have been linked to the accumulation of toxic protein aggregates within the brain. Understanding these CSF-related aspects opens new avenues for potential therapeutic interventions.

2. CSF and Brain Development Disorders

During prenatal and early postnatal stages, CSF plays a pivotal role in brain development. It provides mechanical support, acts as a reservoir of growth factors, and facilitates the removal of waste products. Disruptions in CSF dynamics can lead to neurodevelopmental disorders, such as hydrocephalus, a condition characterized by an abnormal accumulation of CSF in the brain. Studying the impact of CSF on brain development allows researchers to gain insights into the underlying causes of developmental disorders and explore potential interventions aimed at restoring normal CSF dynamics.

2. CSF as a Diagnostic Tool

The analysis of CSF composition has become an invaluable diagnostic tool in the field of neurology. By studying the levels of specific proteins, neurotransmitters, and genetic material present in CSF, researchers can identify biomarkers indicative of various neurological conditions. The advent of techniques like lumbar puncture and advancements in proteomics and genomics have revolutionized our ability to diagnose and monitor the progression of diseases. CSF analysis is paving the way for personalized medicine, enabling tailored treatment plans based on individual patients' molecular profiles.

New Possibilities for Simulating CSF Flow

This animation from 2019 was the first-ever recording of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), washing in and out of the brain during sleep. Although it is well known to be important for brain health, the mechanisms that control its large-scale movement through the brain's ventricles are still not well understood.

In a new study neuroscience researchers investigated if CSF flow is autonomously regulated, or if it is coupled with neural activity. To do this they tested if CSF flow is influenced by intense visual stimulation via a flickering checkerboard stimulus.

Surprisingly, they found that the visual stimulation directly drove macroscopic CSF flow in the human brain. More specifically, the timing and amplitude of CSF flow was matched to visually evoked hemodynamic responses.

The findings are quite groundbreaking, showing that CSF activity can be immediately stimulated via visual perception. More research is needed, but the research opens up the possibility of using simple forms of passive visual perception exercises to simulate neurophysiological responses that could contribute to improved physical brain health.

In particular this could be of value for neurodegenerative diseases, where effective cleansing of waste materials in the brain is of much greater significance.

Takeaways

The human brain, with its intricate web of neurons and synapses, is a marvel of nature. Protected within the skull, it relies on a delicate balance of factors to maintain its optimal functioning.

Cerebrospinal fluid, often overlooked, plays a vital role in maintaining the health and functionality of our brains. Far from the negative connotations associated with brainwashing, CSF acts as a natural cleanser and nourisher for our most vital organ. From physical protection and waste management to nutrient delivery and temperature regulation, the functions of CSF are crucial for optimal brain function and overall well-being.

As well as improving our understanding of the role of CSF in brain functions, future research may hold the possibility of being able directly stimulate CSF through the brain’s natural response mechanisms.

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The human brain is intriguing organ for anyone that owns one, orchestrating all our thoughts, emotions, and actions. Yet although the field of neuroscience is a captivating realm of scientific inquiry, the terminology of this fascinating discipline can be daunting. From neurons to the cerebral cortex, we will demystify some of the most commonly used terms in neuroscience, and shed some light on the key building blocks of the brain, it's connectivity, and it's main regions.

Cellular Components

Neurons: The Building Blocks of the Brain

Neurons are the fundamental units of the nervous system, responsible for receiving, processing, and transmitting information. These specialized cells possess the remarkable ability to generate and transmit electrical impulses, allowing them to communicate with each other. Neurons are highly diverse and can be categorized into different types based on their structure and function.

Glial Cells: The Unsung Heroes

Often overshadowed by neurons, glial cells are essential players in the brain's functionality. Also known as neuroglia, they are non-neuronal cells that provide structural support and nourishment to neurons. Additionally, they contribute to the formation and maintenance of synapses, regulate the brain's chemical environment, and participate in immune responses within the central nervous system.

Neuroblasts: The Seeds of Neurons

Neuroblasts are specialized cells found in developing embryos and some adult brain regions, such as the hippocampus. They serve as the precursors to neurons and are capable of differentiating into fully functional nerve cells. Neuroblasts undergo complex processes of proliferation, migration, and differentiation, contributing to the ongoing neurogenesis observed in certain brain regions.

Connectivity

Dendrites: The Receptive Branches

Dendrites are the branch-like extensions protruding from the cell body of a neuron. These structures receive incoming signals from other neurons and transmit them towards the cell body. Dendrites play a vital role in integrating and processing information, making them key components of neuronal communication and synaptic plasticity.

Axons: The Long-Distance Messengers

Axons are elongated, thread-like structures that extend from the neuron's cell body and carry electrical signals, called action potentials, away from the cell body towards other neurons or target cells. Axons can be remarkably long, enabling communication across different regions of the brain and facilitating the transmission of information over extended distances.

Synapses: The Bridges of Communication

Synapses are junctions between two neurons, where information is transmitted from one neuron to another. These microscopic gaps allow electrical or chemical signals to pass between neurons, facilitating communication within the brain. Synapses are crucial for various cognitive functions, including learning, memory, and information processing.

Synaptogenesis: Building Connections

Synaptogenesis refers to the process of forming new synapses between neurons. During brain development, synaptogenesis is critical for establishing the intricate neural circuitry that underlies our cognitive abilities. Moreover, synaptogenesis continues throughout life, enabling the brain to adapt to changing environments and experiences, a phenomenon known as synaptic plasticity.

Key Regions

The Cerebral Cortex: The Crown Jewel of the Brain

The cerebral cortex, the outermost layer of the brain, is responsible for our higher cognitive functions. Divided into four lobes—frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital—each lobe plays a distinct role in our perception, movement, and cognition. The frontal lobe governs executive functions, decision-making, and personality. The parietal lobe processes sensory information and spatial awareness. The temporal lobe handles auditory processing, memory, and language comprehension, while the occipital lobe specializes in visual perception.

The Limbic System: The Seat of Emotion and Memory

Deep within the brain, the limbic system reigns supreme over our emotional experiences and memory formation. The hippocampus, a vital structure in the limbic system, is instrumental in converting short-term memories into long-term memories and spatial navigation. The amygdala, known as the emotional epicenter, processes emotions and plays a crucial role in fear conditioning and emotional memory.

The Basal Ganglia: Mastering Movement and Reward

Situated deep within the brain, the basal ganglia orchestrates voluntary movement and plays a pivotal role in reward-based learning. Composed of multiple nuclei, including the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus, this region works in tandem with other brain areas, such as the cerebral cortex and thalamus, to fine-tune our motor skills and automate learned behaviors.

The Thalamus: Gateway to Sensory Perception

Often referred to as the "relay station" of the brain, the thalamus serves as a crucial hub for relaying sensory information from various sensory organs to the cerebral cortex. It filters and directs incoming sensory signals to the appropriate regions of the cortex, allowing us to perceive and make sense of the world around us.

The Hypothalamus: Regulating Vital Functions

Nestled beneath the thalamus, the hypothalamus is a small but mighty region that acts as the master regulator of many vital bodily functions. It controls the autonomic nervous system, influencing processes like temperature regulation, hunger, thirst, and circadian rhythms. Additionally, the hypothalamus governs the release of hormones from the pituitary gland, making it a central player in the endocrine system.

The Brainstem: Bridge to the Body

Connecting the brain to the spinal cord, the brainstem serves as a crucial conduit for communication between the brain and the rest of the body. Comprised of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata, this region controls essential functions like breathing, heart rate, and sleep-wake cycles. It also houses nuclei involved in the control of eye movements, auditory and visual reflexes, and coordination.

The Cerebellum: The Maestro of Movement

The cerebellum, nestled at the back of the brain, is a powerhouse dedicated to coordinating and fine-tuning voluntary movements, balance, and posture. Its precise control over motor coordination is essential for smooth and accurate execution of actions, from tying shoelaces to playing musical instruments.

We have explored some of the most common terms in neuroscience, spanning cellular components, connectivity, and key brain regions. As neuroscience relentlessly delves deeper into the mysteries of the brain, having a basic understanding of the key terms will allow better appreciation of new research breakthroughs, as well the marvels of human cognition.

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A new study published in the Journal of Cognitive Enhancement investigated if NeuroTracker's 3D multiple object tracking (3D-MOT) training could improve driving skills in young and older adults. This cognitive task involves the ability to simultaneously track multiple objects in a dynamic environment. Here we will summarize the findings showing transfer to specific driving abilities.

Background

The study builds on previous research using highly sophisticated driving simulators capable of recording a wide range of driving performance metrics. This included three studies showing that NeuroTracker baseline assessments are strongly correlated to a range of specific driving abilities, and more generally to driving safety and crash risk. NeuroTracker scores showed to be more significant predictor of these abilities than driving age or driving experience, and were accordingly recommended to be a revelant method of assessing driving capabilities.
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A fourth follow-up study went on to show that NeuroTracker training transfer to enhanced 'useful field of view', a visual ability shown through decades of research to be a critical factor in driving.

What Was Studied

This fifth study involved a group of young adults (aged 18-35) and a group of older adults (aged 65 and above). Both groups first underwent neurovisual and cognitive assessments to determine the absence of any visual or cognitive deficits that could impair driving ability.
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Then all participants were divided into active and placebo groups. The active group completed a NeuroTracker training program, and the placebo group trained on a visual discrimination task and a visual-based math puzzle game called 2048.

Before and after training all participants' driving performance was assessed using a high-fidelity driving simulator. Various aspects of driving performance, including lane keeping, reaction time, and hazardperception, were measured and compared between the two groups.

What Was Found

The results of the study revealed that both young and older adults showed significant improvements in simulated driving performance following the NeuroTracker training. Multiple statistical analyses of driving metrics revealed improvements in several key areas, such as better lane keeping abilities, quicker reaction times to hazards, and enhanced overall situational awareness - all skills of significant relevance to driving safety.

Interestingly, although the younger group showing stronger learning responses on the NeuroTracker task, the older adult group exhibited larger gains in driving performance compared. This suggests that NeuroTracker training may have particular benefits for older individuals, who often experience age-related cognitive decline likely to impair driving skills, which NeuroTracker has been shown to improve in several healthy aging studies.

Takeaway 

These findings show for the first time that training on this form of 3D mulitple object tracking has the potential to enhance driving performance in both young and older adults. The study highlights the value of incorporating such cognitive training techniques into driver education and training programs to improve road safety, and potentially to help mitigate the effects of age-related cognitive decline on driving abilities. Further research with larger sample sizes and assessment of driving skills on the road will help validate and expand upon these initial positive findings.

'Can Three-Dimensional Multiple Object Tracking Training Be Used to Improve Simulated Driving Performance? A Pilot Study in Young and Older Adults'

Jesse Michaels, Romain Chaumillon, Sergio Mejia-Romero, Delphine Bernardin & Jocelyn Faubert

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Meditation, a practice with ancient roots, has gained immense popularity in recent years as a tool for improving mental well-being and promoting overall health. Beyond its psychological benefits, research in the field of neuroscience has revealed fascinating insights into the neurological effects of meditation. In this blog post, we will delve into the intersection of meditation and neuroscience, exploring how meditation practices influence brain structure and function.

Neuroplasticity and Meditation

One of the key concepts underlying the neuroscience of meditation is neuroplasticity. Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to reorganize and form new neural connections throughout life in response to experiences. Studies have demonstrated that meditation can induce changes in brain structure and function, providing empirical evidence for the plasticity of the human brain.

Research using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has shown that long-term meditation practitioners exhibit increased gray matter density in certain regions of the brain associated with attention, emotion regulation, and self-awareness. For example, the prefrontal cortex, which is involved in executive functions and emotional regulation, has been found to have greater thickness in experienced meditators. These structural changes suggest that regular meditation practice can sculpt the brain in ways that enhance cognitive and emotional processes.

Meditation and Brain Function

In addition to structural changes, meditation also influences brain function. Electroencephalography (EEG) studies have provided valuable insights into the electrical activity of the brain during meditation. Different meditation techniques, such as focused attention and open monitoring meditation, have been found to induce distinct patterns of brainwaves.

Focused attention meditation, which involves directing attention to a specific object or sensation, has been associated with increased activity in the gamma frequency range. Gamma waves are believed to be involved in cognitive processes such as attention, memory, and learning. On the other hand, open monitoring meditation, which involves non-reactive awareness of the present moment, has been linked to increased activity in the theta frequency range. Theta waves are associated with deep relaxation, creativity, and emotional processing.

Functional MRI (fMRI) studies have also revealed changes in functional connectivity between brain regions during meditation. These studies have shown increased connectivity between brain regions involved in attention and self-awareness, such as the anterior cingulate cortex and the default mode network. The default mode network is a network of brain regions that becomes active during rest and mind-wandering. Meditation appears to decrease the activity of this network, leading to a reduction in self-referential thinking and increased present-moment awareness.

Benefits and Implications

The neurological effects of meditation have profound implications for our well-being and mental health. Research has demonstrated that regular meditation practice can lead to the following benefits.

Stress reduction: Meditation activates the parasympathetic nervous system, promoting relaxation and reducing the production of stress hormones like cortisol. This can help alleviate symptoms of anxiety and stress-related disorders.

Emotional regulation: By strengthening the prefrontal cortex and improving connectivity between brain regions involved in emotional processing, meditation can enhance emotional regulation and resilience, leading to improved mood and well-being.

Cognitive enhancement: The increased activity in gamma waves during focused attention meditation suggests improved attention, concentration, and cognitive performance. Meditation has also been associated with enhanced working memory and information processing speed.

Neurodegenerative diseases: Preliminary research indicates that meditation may have neuroprotective effects and could potentially slow down age-related cognitive decline. It shows promise as a complementary therapy for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.

Overall, neuroscience offers compelling evidence of the transformative power of this ancient practice on the brain, through the effects on innate human neuroplasticity.

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According to a report from The American Institute of Stress, 80% of workers face mental health challenges on the job, and nearly half say they need help dealing with them. Many employees experience stress, burnout, and other issues relating to their work environment, making mental health a significant concern for the employees and employers.

Fortunately, switching to a remote workspace and hiring remote personnel, such as a Filipino VA, can be a great way to promote your employees' mental well-being while also being a cost-effective way to increase your company's productivity. Let’s break down the benefits of remote work for mental health, strategies for managing mental health problems and providing support to employees, and the pros and cons of switching to a remote workforce.

Benefits of Remote Work for Mental Health

Stress is a common experience in any work environment, whether traditional or otherwise.

However, when stress becomes chronic and overwhelming, such as due to constant tight deadlines and high-pressure work culture that result in interpersonal conflicts in the workspace, it may lead to more serious mental health problems.

Burnout, anxiety and depression, sleep problems, and substance abuse are some mental health challenges employees may face in a traditional work environment.

Remote work may help solve these issues and significantly boost employee mental health. From being able to work on a flexible schedule to having the ability to fulfill job responsibilities from anywhere, employees report having fewer stressors and feeling more in control of their lives.

Additionally, working in a non-traditional environment can give employees a sense of autonomy, often leading to increased motivation and productivity.

Strategies for Managing Mental Health Problems in Traditional Workplaces

A growing body of research suggests a positive link between better mental health management and work productivity.

The American Psychiatric Association Foundation’s Center for Workplace Mental Health reports the massive cost of depression in the United States economy – at least $210 billion annually in absenteeism and lost productivity.

Meanwhile, employees who experience positive mental health outcomes are usually more productive, engaged, and committed to their work.

Here are some strategies you can utilize as an employee to manage mental health challenges in a traditional work environment and how you, as an employer, can support your employees.

1. Take regular breaks

Taking regular breaks can help reduce stress and improve focus and productivity. A survey suggests that periodically stepping away from your desk to take a break leads to better overall well-being and job satisfaction.

By prioritizing tasks, you can also better manage mental health issues in a traditional workspace. Identifying and focusing on urgent tasks can help you handle your workload and reduce stress.

As an employer, you can reduce stressors from your work environment and culture, such as providing a designated break area or allowing your employees to take short breaks during the workday.

Additionally, it’s crucial to set clear goals and priorities. Doing so can help employees manage their time effectively, motivating them to achieve these goals and increasing job satisfaction.

2. Practice self-care

Practicing self-care can help lower stress levels and improve one’s mental health. A study shows that engaging in self-care activities like exercise, meditation, or hobbies, is linked to better job performance and reduced burnout.

If you're struggling with mental health problems, don't be afraid to seek support from a colleague, supervisor, or mental health professional. A survey indicates that employees with sufficient assistance have better mental health outcomes.

If you’re an employer, offer mental health resources. Counseling services, mental health workshops, or employee assistance programs (EAPs)  may help your employees manage stress and other mental health issues more effectively.

3. Use stress-reducing techniques

Deep breathing, mindfulness, or progressive muscle relaxation are some of the stress-reducing strategies you can employ to help manage your work stress. Employees who practice stress management strategies may handle high-pressure workspaces more effectively.

If you’re an employer, you can foster a supportive workplace culture by promoting open communication and destigmatizing mental health issues. You may also offer stress management training to your employees.

Moreover, you can help your employees manage stress and other mental health challenges by reducing workplace stressors like heavy workloads, unrealistic deadlines, or poor communication. With fewer stressors, you can create a happier, more productive workforce.

4. Set clear boundaries

Establishing boundaries between personal life and work is vital to managing stress and other mental health issues in a traditional workspace.

For instance, you can reduce stress by avoiding checking emails or work-related messages during non-working hours.

As an employer, you must encourage your employees to set clear boundaries. Respecting their time, providing flexible work hours, or allowing for remote work when possible are some ways to accomplish this.

The Downsides of Switching to a Remote Work

While remote work has many benefits for mental health, it also has potential drawbacks to consider before you make the switch.

Humans are social creatures. One of the most significant challenges of a remote work environment is the potential for isolation.

People need social interaction and connection with others to thrive. When working remotely, the lack of in-person social interactions may lead to feelings of loneliness and decreased motivation and productivity.

Working in a remote environment can present challenges for maintaining a work-life balance. Employees experience incredible difficulty in setting boundaries between their personal and professional lives.

Although a non-traditional workspace such as a home offers better flexibility, the lack of separation between work and personal life may increase stress levels.

Switching to a remote workforce may also impact productivity and communication. Unlike traditional workspaces, it may require remote employees to have different skills and tools to communicate effectively with colleagues.

Without a doubt, there are various strategies that you can employ to manage mental health challenges in traditional workplaces.

These strategies include taking breaks, practicing self-care, using stress-reducing techniques, setting clear boundaries, and seeking help.

If you’re considering switching to a remote workforce, you must provide your employees with the necessary resources, tools, and adequate support.

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AI, or Artificial Intelligence, is technically not artificial at all, and refers to the human development of computer systems that can perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as understanding natural language, recognizing objects in images, and making decisions based on data.

In the past year AI has become a rapidly growing field that is taking the world by storm. However this comes a plethora of technical jargon and acronyms, which are typically confusing to people unfamiliar with the field. Here we will cover in a nutshell the most common modern day AI terminologies that are useful to be aware of.

AI Applications

ChatGPT

ChatGPT is an AI-powered chatbot that uses machine learning to generate human-like responses to user queries. GPT stands for 'generative pre-trained transformer', and accordingly is ChatGPT is trained on a large corpus of text data with extensive training before being released to the public. Although weak at computation, it's impressive language prowess means it can be used across a wide variety of applications, from customer services to building websites.

AutoGPT

AutoGPT is an extension of ChatGPT that starts out from a human submitted high-level prompt or goal, then re-prompts itself in an iterative fashion depending on the results it finds from each individual prompt. The purpose of this auto-prompting technique is to use more a creative discovery learning process to simplify and potentially surpass human prompting, or to produce unpredictably novel solutions to problems.

Truth GPT

TruthGPT is Elon Musk's AI-powered fact-checking tool that uses machine learning to identify false information in text-based content. Truth GPT is trained on a large corpus of fact-checked information and can be used to help combat misinformation and fake news.

Google Bard

Bard is a conversational artificial intelligence chatbot developed by Google using large language models (LLMs). It was developed as a direct response to the rise of OpenAI's ChatGPT, and was released in a limited capacity in March 2023 and was met with lukewarm responses.

Stable Diffusion

Stable Diffusion is a generative model that uses deep learning to create images from text. The model is based on a neural network architecture that can learn to map text descriptions to image features. This means it can create an image matching the input text description.

Stable diffusion is also a AI technique used in some machine learning algorithms to help prevent overfitting. Overfitting occurs when a model performs well on the data it was trained on, but performs poorly on new data. Stable diffusion helps to prevent this by introducing random noise into the training data.

Midjourney

Midjourney is a service created and hosted by the independent research lab Midjourney Inc. The platform generates images from natural language prompts, similar to Stable Diffusion.

DALL-E

Similar to Stable Diffusion and Midjourney, DALL-E is a deep learning model developed to generate digital images from prompts. DALL-E was revealed by OpenAI in January 2021. It leverages a modified version of GPT to generate realistic images at high resolution, and can covert combinations of language based concepts, attributes, and styles.

Google DeepMind

Google DeepMind is an AI research organization that has developed a range of applications, including AlphaGo, an AI program that defeated the world champion at the game of Go, and DeepMind Health, which uses AI to help doctors diagnose and treat patients more effectively.

IBM Watson

IBM Watson is an AI platform that provides a range of cognitive services and tools to help businesses and organizations analyze data, build chatbots, and develop other AI-powered applications.

Amazon Go

Amazon Go is an AI-powered shopping experience that allows customers to enter a store, grab what they want, and leave without waiting in line or checking out, thanks to computer vision and machine learning algorithms.

AI Technologies

Natural Language Processing

Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a branch of interpretative AI that deals with the interaction between computers and human language. NLP is used in a variety of applications such as language translation, sentiment analysis, and chatbots.

LLM and LDM

LLM stands for Large Language Model, and LDM stands for Language Data Model. These are terms used to describe AI models that have been trained on vast amounts of text data. LLMs and LDMs are used in Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks such as language translation and sentiment analysis, and provide core elements of some of the latest AI applications.

Predictive Analytics

Predictive analytics is a type of AI that uses data, statistical algorithms, and machine learning techniques to identify the likelihood of future outcomes based on historical data. Predictive analytics is used in a variety of industries, including finance, healthcare, and marketing.

Machine Intelligence

Machine intelligence refers to the ability of machines to learn, reason, and recognize patterns. Machine intelligence is the foundation of AI and is used in a wide range of applications, including image recognition, natural language processing, and predictive analytics.

Machine Learning

Machine learning is a subset of AI that involves teaching machines to learn from data without being explicitly programmed. Machine learning algorithms can be used to identify patterns in data and make predictions based on that data.

AGI

AGI stands for Artificial General Intelligence. AGI refers to AI systems that have the ability to independently learn and reason beyond human abilities (but not necessarily by mimicking them). AGI is the holy grail of AI research, but also brings with it threatening scenarios of dramatic disruptions to modern life or potentially existential risks to humanity. Though many experts believe it is still a long way off, others suggest that the latest developments in AI are showing some initial indications of AGI characteristics.

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Kratom, also known as Mitragyna speciosa, is an herbal substance that is homegrown in Southeast Asia. These are found in Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia, specifically. This substance is made of two main alkaloids. One of them is mitragynine, and the other is 7-hydroxy mitragynine.

There are various ways we can consume Kratom. Some people directly consume kratom leaves. Many people make powdered kratom and drink it as Kratom tea. Others use Kratom in the form of capsules. Kratom is mild, so consuming this substance will not make you feel high. It works as a sedative and stimulant, depending on the quantity.

How Does Kratom Consumption Affect Brain Function?

Kratom is a substance that is easy to take. It tends to create a positive effect on the brain. When taken, Kratom is said to make connections with brain opioid receptors. If taken in low doses, it will stimulate the brain's functioning. It will increase our brain's alertness as well as our sociability.

Its effects start after 10 minutes of intake and last an hour and a half. If taken in large amounts, it creates a sedative effect on the brain, which is helpful for treating health problems. The amount of intake prescribed for adults is 10 to 25 grams. It shows its effects for almost 6 hours.

As we all know, Kratom has two main components: mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine. Both of these chemicals tend to bind with the brain receptors and improve the brain's abilities. So Kratom has a positive impact on the functioning of the brain.

Types of Strains

Kratom has three different types of strains. One is a white strain that is consumed in the morning. This strain will prepare your brain for all morning activities. In addition, this strain's intake will also give you the energy to do cardio and other duties.

The other is the green strain. It is advised to consume this strain during the day, mainly after lunch. At that point, our brain cells and receptors tend to decrease the level of serotonin and dopamine. So we take this during the day. Afterwards, we feel lightheaded and delighted. We will find full dedication to do our official duties or studies.

And last is the red strain. It is preferred to consume this specific strain at night. This strain will increase our social ability. We tend to interact with others more easily. The intake of this strain will reduce all tension levels in the brain. And make our brains function efficiently.

Benefits of Using Kratom on The Brain

There are various benefits of consuming Kratom for our brains. Some of them are as follows:

Acts As a Gratifying Agent

Due to our current work scenario, our brain's serotonin and dopamine levels tend to decrease. As a result, we become more tense and frustrated. Our feelings of delight and well-being decrease. It will make us lethargic and dizzy.

After intake of Kratom, we become more relaxed and calm. This is because the components in Kratom will bind with the receptors in the brain. It will increase the level of serotonin and dopamine in the body. As a result, we become happy and chirpy. Our motivation level increases, and we become more confident. That is why Kratom acts as a gratifying agent for the brain.

Boosts Your Energy Levels

The intake of Kratom will increase the energy level of the brain. It will make us more concentrated and focused. It is found that after taking this product, we will develop mental clarity. It improves our alertness level and makes us more attentive. It will modify our perception level. And we will become more creative and imaginative.

Decreases Spasticity

As discussed above, we lead a busy life. All day we sit in a place doing our work without any body movements. It affects our brain and body. As our brain gets habitual of sitting all day when doing physical activity, We develop muscle cramps and rigidity.

The solution to this problem is the intake of Kratom. The use of Kratom makes the mind calm and composed. It will reduce the spasticity in the body. And make it more flexible.

Enhances Mood

Kratom tends to have the ability to change our mood levels. Therefore, this substance will help treat unwanted addiction and reduce their intake. In addition, the intake of this product will also work as an antidepressant by relaxing our brain and nerve cells.

And reduce the level of corticosterone in the brain. Thus, it improves our well-being. And make us do things that are out of the box.

Increases Appetite Level

It has been found that kratom compounds increase our appetite for food. It is helpful if you are undergoing chemotherapy or radiation. It also helps when you are sick or have undergone surgery.

The intake of Kratom will send a signal to the brain that our body needs food to function. This, in turn, makes us hungry and increases our body's metabolism rate.

These are some benefits to the brain after consuming kratom compounds.

Precautions That We Need To Take While Consuming Kratom

Kratom tends to have many health benefits for the body and brain. But there are certain precautions we need to take while consuming.

Small Dosage

Kratom is mild and can be consumed quickly. Therefore, people consume in large quantities to get excellent results. But, it is always better to start slow with a lower dosage. Otherwise, people tend to face problems like constipation and dizziness.

Trusted Source

Kratom is readily available on the market. You can buy it easily from online and offline retailers. In this case, certain retailers try to take advantage of you by selling you fake or expired products. To avoid that, buying only from a reliable and experienced source is advised. That person should have all the documents.

Conclusion

Kratom is a herb that is considered a substitute for coffee. We can consume it daily accordingly. It is found to be one of the most effective alternatives in the treatment of health issues. Kratom helps treat the common cold, diarrhea, cough, and other health conditions.

It is said to affect the functioning of the brain positively. These kratoms are available in various forms. And the effects of each on your body depend upon the dosage. You can easily purchase Kratom on the market. So give this substance a try and enjoy its health benefits.

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Neurons in the brain gradually die off in neurodegenerative illnesses like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases. These illnesses can cause various symptoms, such as behavioral changes, motor dysfunction, and cognitive decline, and they can significantly reduce a person's quality of life. Current therapies for neurodegenerative illnesses frequently have limited efficacy and severe side effects. Thus, there is a demand for new, efficient treatments that can shield and restore the brain.

Cannabidiol, or CBD, is a non-psychoactive substance in the hemp plant. Due to its possible therapeutic advantages for various conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases, it has attracted growing research interest in recent years. We will discuss the idea of neuroprotection in this piece and how CBD may present a promising strategy for defending and repairing the brain. We'll also go over how CBD exerts its effects on the brain.

Neuroprotection: What Is It?

In the case of damage, illness, or aging, neuroprotection means maintaining neural structure and function. In addition to promoting the repair and regeneration of damaged neurons, it includes preventing or minimizing the damage to neurons that may result from these circumstances.

There are many ways to practice neuroprotection, including avoiding oxidative stress, lowering inflammation, encouraging neurogenesis, and controlling neurotransmission. These methods work to prevent brain injury and encourage neuronal repair and regeneration, which can enhance performance and lessen symptoms.

For the creation of brand-new treatments for neurodegenerative diseases, neuroprotection is a crucial area of study. Neuroprotective therapies may give a more focused method of treating the underlying causes of these conditions, whereas current treatments frequently concentrate on managing symptoms.

How Does The Brain Respond To CBD?

The endocannabinoid system (ECS), a sophisticated communication system in the body that controls several physiological processes, including pain, inflammation, and mood, is affected by CBD. Endocannabinoids, receptors, and enzymes comprise the ECS, which collaborates to keep the body in equilibrium or homeostasis.

CBD may work in the brain by modifying the activity of different ECS receptors. For instance, it can attach to CB1 and CB2 receptors, which are found throughout the body and brain and have the power to affect various physiological functions.

The serotonin 5-HT1A receptor and the GABA-A receptor, implicated in anxiety and mood regulation, are two additional brain receptors with which CBD interacts. CBD can affect different parts of brain function, such as mood, cognition, and motor coordination, by modifying the activity of these receptors.

CBD has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory qualities and effects on receptors, which can help safeguard the brain from harm and encourage repair and regeneration. It might also encourage neurogenesis—the development of new neurons in the brain—which might enhance cognitive performance.

CBD's impacts on the brain are intricate and comprise several different mechanisms of action. It is a promising field of study for creating brand-new treatments for neurodegenerative diseases due to its capacity to modulate several physiological processes in the brain.

Neuroprotection, Oxidative Stress and CBD

In numerous animal models of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis, CBD can have neuroprotective qualities.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and the body's capacity to detoxify them can get into conflict, leading to oxidative stress. It can destroy cellular building blocks like proteins, lipids, and DNA and fuel the emergence of neurodegenerative illnesses.

The antioxidant qualities of CBD may help shield the brain from reactive stress. In a rodent model of Alzheimer's disease, CBD was able to lessen oxidative damage in the hippocampus, a brain region crucial for memory and learning. According to other research, a rat model of brain damage found that CBD improved memory and reduced oxidative stress.

The ability of CBD gummies to increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the brain, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, may cause its ability to decrease oxidative stress. CBD boosted the activity of these enzymes and lessened oxidative damage in rat brain research, where oxidative stress was induced by hydrogen peroxide.

Inflammation And CBD

The immune system's natural reaction to injury or infection is inflammation. Chronic inflammation, however, has been linked to the emergence of several illnesses, including neurological conditions.

According to research, CBD has anti-inflammatory qualities that may help lessen brain inflammation. In a mouse model of Parkinson's disease, CBD was able to lower inflammation and enhance motor performance. In a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, CBD could lower inflammation and enhance cognitive function.

CBD's ability to prevent the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines like tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) may cause its anti-inflammatory effects. Additionally, CBD may boost the creation of anti-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-10 (IL-10).

Neurogenesis And CBD

The process of creating new synapses in the brain is called neurogenesis. Although it happens continuously throughout life, this process can be hampered by neurodegenerative illnesses.

CBD may encourage neurogenesis in rodent models of neurodegenerative diseases. In one research using a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, CBD increased the number of new neurons in the hippocampus. Further research discovered that CBD could promote the growth of neural stem cells in the rat hippocampus.

Because of its effects on different brain signaling pathways, including the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway and the AKT/mTOR pathway, CBD may be able to stimulate neurogenesis. These networks are crucial in controlling how neural stem cells proliferate and differentiate.

Neurotransmission And CBD

The synapses in the brain use chemicals called neurotransmitters to communicate with one another. Different neurological and psychiatric disorders can emerge due to neurotransmitter-level imbalances.

Studies also show that CBD alters cerebral neurotransmission. According to one research, CBD raises brain levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin, which can help people feel less anxious and happier. Another research discovered that CBD could boost the GABA neurotransmitter system's activity, lessening anxiety and seizures.

The modulatory effects of CBD on the brain's various receptors, including the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor and the GABA-A receptor, may cause its impacts on neurotransmission. In addition, CBD can delay the reuptake of neurotransmitters like anandamide, extending their impacts on the brain.

CBD And Anxiety And Depression

Many neurological conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases, include anxiety and melancholy as prevalent symptoms. Since CBD can have both anxiolytic and antidepressant qualities, it can lessen the symptoms of both depression and anxiety.

In both animal models and people, studies have shown that CBD can lessen the signs of anxiety and melancholy. It indicates that CBD may help treat neurological disorders as a neuroprotective agent.

Conclusion

CBD has demonstrated tremendous promise as a neuroprotective agent in numerous rodent models of neurodegenerative diseases. The brain can be protected from harm by its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It can be repaired and restored to function by its capacity to support neurogenesis and modulate neurotransmission. Most of the research on CBD and neuroprotection was on animal models, so more studies are required to establish how well it works in people. Furthermore, it still needs to be determined what the best CBD gummies dosage and delivery strategy for neuroprotection should be.

Despite these drawbacks, CBD study is promising to create novel therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. It makes an appealing option for additional research due to its safety profile and accessibility as a natural compound. It's essential to remember that CBD shouldn't be used in place of standard medical care or as a panacea for neurodegenerative disorders. However, it merits further investigation as a potential therapy for these crippling conditions because it might give a complementary strategy to treatment.

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The human brain is the most complex and powerful organ in the body. It is responsible for controlling everything we do, from breathing and sleeping to thinking and feeling. As society becomes more focused on productivity, there has been a growing interest in nootropic supplements as a potential way to enhance brain function, improve memory, increase focus, and even promote brain health. But can nootropics truly improve brain function and brain health?

What Are Nootropic Supplements?

Nootropic supplements, also known as cognitive enhancers, are substances claimed to improve brain function and cognitive abilities. They can come in different forms, including pills, powders, and drinks. They are typically made up of natural substances, such as vitamins, minerals, herbs, and amino acids, however they can also be made synthetically.

The term "nootropic" was first coined by Romanian psychologist and chemist Corneliu E. Giurgea in the 1970s. Giurgea defined nootropics as substances that enhance learning and memory while being safe and non-toxic. The first nootropic drug, piracetam, was developed by Giurgea and is still used today to treat cognitive decline in elderly patients.

Since then, numerous nootropic supplements have been developed and marketed as brain boosters. These supplements are often touted as being able to improve memory, focus, creativity, and overall cognitive performance. However, the scientific evidence behind these claims is often limited.

Furthermore, things many people ordinarily consume have been identified as being nootropics, such as caffeine and nicotine, as well as dietary components like omega 3s.

7 Examples of Nootropic Supplements and Their Benefits

The proposed benefits on brain function include increasing focus, learning, memory, creativity, and mental energy, but the most common reason people take nootropics is to improve focus and concentration.

1. Caffeine

Found in coffee and tea, caffeine is a well-known nootropic stimulant that can increase alertness and can improve cognitive functions such as memory, attention, and reaction time. Additionally, l-theanine, an amino acid in green tea, has been shown to affect brain functions by relieving stress disorders and improving mood. However, the effects are generally short-lived and can vary depending on individual factors such as caffeine tolerance and dose, as well as produce side effects such as anxiety or loss of sleep.

2. Creatine

Creatine is a popular sports performance supplement that’s also used as a nootropic. Creatine is an amino acid that’s found in muscle tissue, and it’s known to play a role in energy production. Some studies have found that creatine can improve cognitive performance in tasks that require short-term memory and mental processing speed. However, the effects of creatine on cognitive performance may be more pronounced in people who don’t consume enough creatine in their diets.

3. Omega-3

These fatty acids are another popular nootropic. Omega-3s are essential fatty acids that are found in high concentrations in fatty fish like salmon and tuna. Omega-3s have been shown to improve cognitive function and protect against cognitive decline in older adults. However, more research is needed to establish if isolated omega-3 taken supplement form, can replicate these effects.

4. Ginkgo biloba

This herbal supplement has been used for centuries in traditional medicine. Some studies have found that ginkgo biloba can improve cognitive function in healthy people, although the effects may be more pronounced in older adults. However, other studies have found no significant effects of ginkgo biloba on cognitive function.

5. Racetams

This class of synthetic compounds are specifically designed for cognitive enhancement. The most well-known racetam is piracetam, which has been shown to improve cognitive function in people with cognitive impairment. However, the effects of piracetam on cognitive function in healthy people are less clear. Other racetams, like aniracetam and oxiracetam, have been studied less extensively.

6. Nicotine

One of the most surprising nootropic supplements is pure nicotine. Nicotine is a stimulant that is naturally found in tobacco leaves. While smoking is a major health hazard, pure nicotine supplements are being researched for their potential cognitive benefits. An analysis of 41 studies concluded that nicotine safely improved fine motor skills, attention, accuracy, response time, short-term memory, and working memory. It's suspected that nicotine might protect dopamine-producing neurons in the brain, keeping them from dying.

7. Resveratrol

Resveratrol is a well-known polyphenolic compound in various plants, including grape, peanut, and berry fruits. It has unique anti-inflammatory properties, and health benefits being researched include anti-obesity, cardioprotective neuroprotective, antitumor, antidiabetic, antioxidants, anti-age effects, and glucose metabolism. Promising therapeutic properties have also been reported in various treatments of cancer.

However, it’s important to note that the scientific evidence for the brain health benefits of nootropics is still limited, and challenged by the fact that long-term studies are often needed to establish their true relevance on brain development.

That said research in this space is growing with some exciting prospects. For example, a recent animal study with Lion’s Mane showed dramatic benefits for promoting neurogenesis, with a direct impact on neural growth and improved memory formation. Researchers have proposed it's potential value in clinical applications treating and preventing neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.

The Bottom Line

Nootropic supplements have gained popularity in recent years as a potential way to improve brain functions and brain health. While some supplements have shown promise in improving cognitive functions such as memory and attention, the scientific evidence behind their effectiveness is still limited, even though promising. Additionally, it’s important to remember that nootropics are not a magic bullet for brain health.

That said, many nootropics that are naturally based are unlikely to have negative effects on the brain when taken in moderation. Combining such nootropics into your regular diet is likely to have general health benefits, and be a relatively safe way to reap some of the possible brain benefits.

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Our brains are incredibly powerful and complex organs, capable of amazing feats of learning, memory, and creativity. But did you know that the brain is also highly adaptable and can change in response to new experiences, challenges, and even trauma? This a fascinating neurobiological system never stands still, and continues to evolve and adapt throughout our lives. Here we will cover two of the key processes that play a significant role in shaping our brains from birth to old age: neuroplasticity and neurogenesis.

The Lowdown on Neuroplasticity and Neurogenesis

Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to change and adapt in response to experiences and environmental stimuli. It is a fundamental property of the brain, allowing us to learn and remember new things, recover from injuries, and adapt to changing environments.

Neurogenesis, on the other hand, refers to the creation of new neurons in the brain. Once a new neuron is integrated into our neural networks it remains active our whole lives, unless it is damaged or is no longer needed. Neurogenesis plays a key role in memory, and the latest research suggests it may be important for maintaining brain health.

In combination, these processes help shape the trillions of synaptic connections in our brains, every moment of our lives.

The Remarkable Flexibility of Young Brains

The early years of life are critical for brain development. During this period, the brain is most malleable and capable of significant growth and change.

At birth, the human brain is significantly under-developed, yet very large relative to body weight (one reason babies struggle with balance), and develops rapidly in the first year of life. This period of rapid brain development is critical for shaping our brains and laying the foundation for cognitive, emotional, and social development, and is shaped by exposure to experiences on a continual basis.

This early developmental process also includes synaptic pruning - the trimming back of excessive neural connections. The excess is because young brains are built to be very generally adaptive, but specialize quickly according to environmental and sensory learning. This is one reason why it is harder to learn languages at an older age.

The most amazing ability of young brains is there ability to recover from a type of radical surgery called a hemispherectomy – literally the cutting-out of half of the brain. Still a mysterious phenomenon unexplained by neuroscience, the remaining half of the brain functionally rewires itself into a whole new left-right brain system, allowing young patients to lead a normal life.

The Role of Environment in Adolescent Brain Development

Then throughout childhood the brain is still extra sensitive to its physical and social environments. For example children who grow up in impoverished environments with limited access to resources and stimulation are more likely to experience negative outcomes, including lower cognitive abilities, behavioral problems, and poorer mental health.

In contrast, children who grow up in enriched environments with access to stimulating experiences, such as reading, music, and play, are more likely to experience positive outcomes, including higher cognitive abilities, better mental health, and stronger social skills.

Neuroplasticity also plays a significant role in shaping the brain during adolescence and into adulthood. For example, studies have shown that learning a new skill, such as playing an instrument or speaking a new language, can lead to changes in the brain's structure and function. Additionally, experiences such as trauma or stress can also lead to changes in the brain, both positive and negative.

Two Key Factors Influencing the Brain Throughout Adulthood

1. Learning New Skills

At any age, one of the most exciting aspects of neuroplasticity is its role in learning and memory. Research has shown that when we learn a new skill or acquire new knowledge, the brain changes in response. New connections between neurons are formed, and existing connections are strengthened. These changes can occur in many different areas of the brain, depending on the nature of the skill being learned.

For example, if you are learning to play a musical instrument, the brain areas involved in auditory processing, motor control, and memory will all be involved. As you practice and improve, these brain areas will become more connected, and the networks of neurons involved in playing the instrument will become more efficient.

The benefits of learning a new skill extend beyond simply improving your ability to perform the skill itself. Learning a new skill can have a positive impact on other areas of cognitive function, including memory and attention. This is because the brain areas involved in learning and memory are also involved in many other cognitive processes.

2. The Impact of Stress on the Brain

While neuroplasticity is generally a positive thing, it can also be influenced by negative experiences, such as stress. While acute stress can be stimulating, chronic stress has been shown to have a negative impact on the brain, particularly in the areas involved in memory and emotional regulation.

One study published in the journal Nature found that chronic stress can reduce the number of new neurons being generated in the hippocampus, a brain area involved in memory and learning. This can have a long-term impact on cognitive function, particularly in the ability to form new memories.

Stress can also have an impact on the prefrontal cortex, a brain area involved in decision-making, impulse control, and emotional regulation. Research has shown that chronic stress can lead to a reduction in the size of the prefrontal cortex, as well as impairing its function. This can lead to difficulties with decision-making and emotional regulation, as well as an increased risk of mental health problems such as anxiety and depression.

The Adult Brain Continues Development into Old Age

Our brains don’t become structurally fully formed until well into adulthood, at around 25 years of age. This period also coincides with a very gradual decrease in processing speed, likely one reason why professional Esports athletes tend to retire around this time.

Even right through to old age, the brain continues to adapt and change through neuroplasticity and neurogenesis. Some people, dubbed ‘superagers’ retain full cognitive health and excellent memory regardless of how old they live, but the reasons are not yet clearly understood and may well be influences by genetics.

Studies have shown that engaging in cognitive activities, such as puzzles, reading, and meaningful social interactions, can help maintain cognitive function and even lead to increases in brain volume in older adults.

Furthermore, physical exercise has been shown to promote neurogenesis in the hippocampus, a brain region involved in memory and learning. This suggests that leading an active lifestyle may help maintain cognitive function and overall brain health in old age.

In particular, emerging neuroscience research suggests that neurogenesis may play a pivotal role in the maintenance of overall brain health. Though there are only several brain regions that can produce fresh neurons, called ‘neuroblasts’, very sophisticated transport systems means they can be migrated long distances across the brain to help regenerate damaged areas or regions which are experiencing neural dilapidation.

Lastly is the uncommon knowledge that in older age our brains actually become adapted towards more global cognitive functioning, possibly at the cost of being specialized at certain functions. This may well account for the well-established wisdom of elders in traditional cultures throughout human civilizations – what might be perceived as decline is to some degree just transformation.

The Takeaway

Overall, neuroplasticity and neurogenesis are critical processes that shape our brains from birth into old age. Brain development is a complex and dynamic process that is influenced by a multitude of factors. Experiences, both positive and negative, play a significant role in shaping the brain during critical periods of development, and engaging in cognitive and physical activities throughout life can help maintain brain health and cognitive function. The human brain is a remarkable organ that is hardwired to evolve and adapt throughout our lives, and understanding these processes can help us lead healthier, longer lasting and more fulfilling lives.

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Psychophysics is a neuroscience domain devoted to understanding how the human brain processes its sensory reality. And when it comes to how we perceive our own body, the science is very surprising. A classic experimental example is the infamous ‘rubber hand illusion’ (AKA body transfer illusion). The mind-bending power of this is demonstrated in the video below. Here we will cover modern augmentations of this experiment which reveal that when it comes to perceiving our ownership of our own body, nothing is what it seems.

The Classic Rubber Hand Illusion

This video provides a great demonstration of just how powerful the rubber hand illusion is. First devised and studied by researchers Botvinick and Cohen in 1998, the experiment showed that the brain can perceive a clearly fake hand, to vividly feel like a person’s own real hand.

It simply involves evoking tactile sensations on a real hand (out of sight), synchronized with seeing what would cause matching sensations on a rubber hand. It’s works consistently well, and can be setup relatively easily as a DIY experiment.

A much simpler, but still relatable thought experiment of this effect, is to imagine the experience of writing on a notepad with a pen. Even though your fingers only sense the hard plastic or metal of the pen, we viscerally feel the softness and texture of the paper as if we are touching it directly. Hitting a ball with a bat or racket is another example.

So What’s Going On?

As the effect is deeply counterintuitive, it’s best to first coverthe fundamentals of how the brain perceives reality. The human brain is not a sensory organ, and does not perceive anything directly. In fact, brain surgery is sometimes comfortably conducted without an anesthetic or pain killers, so that the patient can guide the surgeon if they lose some specific functions such as movement.

Instead, the central nervous system relays what is effectively binary data to the brain in the same way computers process information – as streams of 1s and 0s (neurons firing or not firing). These are received by the brain as electrical signals, and depending on their specific pattern (think Morse code), they are processed by different brain regions specialized in decoding them.

In this way Neo's existence in the Matrix is actually a good metaphor for how the brain actually senses the world around us. However, the amount of 1s and 0s delivered by all our sensory systems is truly vast. Even though our brains can process at a speed closely equivalent to the world’s fastest supercomputer today, there is still far more information than what can actually be processed.

The Internal Model – Simulating Reality

For this reason the brain using very clever perceptual-shortcuts, extrapolating certain patterns of information to make surprisingly accurate estimations and predictions.

Vision is a key example of this. We only see precise detail in the central 1-2 degrees of our field of view processed by foveal vision, which acts like a kind of tiny spotlight. Outside of this most of our vision is blurred.

To compensate, our visual focus darts around rapidly scanning pertinent key points of scenes, such as moving objects, bright colors, or areas of interest such as human faces. The brain finds collective information patterns in these very brief snapshots, combines them with predicting modelling (what’s expected), and builds a virtual impression of our environments.

This constitutes our visual conscious perception, which, albeit usually very accurate, is mostly very clever guesswork. All our sensory perceptions work along the same lines, a system referred to as the ‘internal model’, because mostly our reality is simulated within the brain. This is done by extrapolating sensory information patterns, refined by continuous feedback from testing predictions throughout our lives, with neuroplastic adaptations (rewiring the brain).

Illusions occur when those predictions do not match the sensory information patterns which are fed back. Which is why they are used by neuroscientists to tease out and study the incredibly impressive tricks and perceptual shortcuts that our brains are so naturally adept at - not to show us how gullible we are!

This is why the rubber hand illusion is of great interest to neuroscientists – for the brain, our own body is also part of the external sensory environment. For this reason the brain can replace it when sensory patterns from other sources line up with our internal model's predictions.

Beyond the Rubber Hand Illusion

The video above went one step beyond the original experiment, by demonstrating that once primed, tactile stimulation isn’t even needed to produce sensations in the fake hand that still feel very much like a real part of the body.

Since 1998 there have been many variations on the classic experiment in order to probe the boundaries of how flexible our brain is in abandoning our physical sense of self, and replacing it with things that bear very little resemblance. One example is that the rubber hand can be replaced with a gooey one, then stretched several feet, and actually feel like a person’s real hand is impossibly stretched.

A study just published by Chinese researchers has confirmed that we are susceptible to the illusion just by imagining what a moving robotic hand feels like. This changed where study participants thought their real hand was, even though electromyography data showed no muscle activation. Questionnaire assessments showed participants felt ownership of the robot hand, and experienced agency in over it’s motion, as if they were controlling it.

This research may have implications for the use of visualization techniques used by sports psychologists and professional athletes to prime themselves for competition performance, because in this case, visualizing is actually believing.

Other research has also established the relevance of transferred body ownership to robotic or virtual arms to help surgeons adapt effectively the latest surgery technologies, and for performing remote surgeries.

Into the Metaverse

In recent years research into the illusions of body ownership has been accelerating due to its direct relevance for virtual reality experiences. Immersion in VR is intimately connected to how well our senses are integrated within virtual environment experiences.

One example is a study by Swedish psychophysicists creatively titled ‘If I Were You: Perceptual Illusion of Body Swapping’. Taking things to the next level they conducted VR experiments demonstrating that, even with minimal sensory cues, our minds can take over ownership of different body.

Using VR they manipulated study participant’s visual perspective to be from a another person, or a fake body. This was done in sync with correlated multisensory cues. The experiment was sufficient to trigger the illusion that another person's body, or an artificial body, was the participants’ own real body.

In the researchers' own words, ''𝗧𝗵𝗶𝘀 𝗲𝗳𝗳𝗲𝗰𝘁 𝘄𝗮𝘀 𝘀𝗼 𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗻𝗴 𝘁𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗽𝗲𝗼𝗽𝗹𝗲 𝗰𝗼𝘂𝗹𝗱 𝗲𝘅𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗯𝗲𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗶𝗻 𝗮𝗻𝗼𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝗽𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗼𝗻'𝘀 𝗯𝗼𝗱𝘆 𝘄𝗵𝗲𝗻 𝗳𝗮𝗰𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗶𝗿 𝗼𝘄𝗻 𝗯𝗼𝗱𝘆 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘀𝗵𝗮𝗸𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗱𝘀 𝘄𝗶𝘁𝗵 𝗶𝘁. 𝗢𝘂𝗿 𝗿𝗲𝘀𝘂𝗹𝘁𝘀 𝗮𝗿𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗳𝘂𝗻𝗱𝗮𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗹 𝗶𝗺𝗽𝗼𝗿𝘁𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗯𝗲𝗰𝗮𝘂𝘀𝗲 𝘁𝗵𝗲𝘆 𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗳𝘆 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗰𝗲𝗽𝘁𝘂𝗮𝗹 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝗰𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗲𝘀 𝘁𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝗱𝘂𝗰𝗲 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗳𝗲𝗲𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗼𝗳 𝗼𝘄𝗻𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗵𝗶𝗽 𝗼𝗳 𝗼𝗻𝗲'𝘀 𝗯𝗼𝗱𝘆.''

These effects were confirmed through both structured subjective reports and detailed biometric analysis.

With the rise in adoption of VR/AR/XR/MR and the promise of the metaverse, understanding the perceptual boundaries of the physical self could have transformative impacts on how humanity defines itself. As neuroscience now shows, our brains are powerful enough to experience other people’s bodies as our own. The possibilities are endless.

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Organoids are currently one of the fastest evolving domains of science. They are also being evolved in many different, yet equally fascinating ways. Here we’ll cover 3 main emerging avenues that hold promise to vastly increase their power, compete with machine intelligence, and potentially unlock secrets to preventing neurodegenerative diseases.

What are Organoids?

Organoids (or assembloids) are functioning clusters of neurons grown in vitro, usually from skin-based stem cells. These relatively complex living brain formations, which can be animal or human, are used to study neural mechanics in the lab, outside of an actual brain.

To the disdain of neuroscientists, they are often referred to in the media as ‘mini-brains’ or ‘brains in a dish’, which is not accurate, as they typically extremely small, and their complexity is vastly simpler than the human brain.

That said, and as we’ll cover here, there are different methods being developed to considerably increase their size and functional complexity.

1. Human-Animal Brain Synthesis

For the first time in history, animals may be acquiring some aspects of human intelligence via integrative brain transplants.

The research value of organoids is quite limited by the size and complexity they can grow into. To overcome this issue, a new approach published in Nature, has transplanted human cortex organoids into living rat brains (shown in the picture above).

6 months after integration, the human neurons reached a new order of maturation, growing 6 times large than what was possible in vitro. Their activity better emulated some of the more sophisticated behaviors observed in human brains.

In a follow-up experiment, the researchers specifically fired-up the genetically altered human neurons using optogenetics, and were successfully able to influence how often the rats sought out a reward. That is, controlling human brain cells within a rats brain, to control the rat’s behaviors.

This approach opens up the possibility to grow complex human brain systems from stem cells with limited technological resources. Although fascinating, this new domain of biological research, and even biology itself, may be fraught with ethical complications, even including how to classify such a hybrid organism.

Study: Maturation and circuit integration of transplanted human cortical organoids, Omer Revah et al.Stu

2. Synthetic-Biological Sentience

This video is more than meets the eye - it's actually the first successful hybridization of biological neurons and silicon chips learning to play a simulated game.

Comparing to synthesizing organoids into different biological brains, this research goes in a totally new, yet equally mind-boggling direction, by directly synthesizing a mix of human/rodent organoids with computers. Dubbed 'synthetic biological intelligence' (SBI), the goal is to synergistically merge these once divergent forms of intelligence.

In particular, researchers sought to bring the power of third-order complexity found in organoids, which has never been achievable in traditional computing. And in addition, to achieve the formal definition of sentience in neural cultures, effectively demonstrating sensory feedback learning.

In this study the in vitro organoids were integrated with 'in silico' computing via a high-density multielectrode array. Using closed-loop structured feedback through electrophysiological stimulation, the experiment named 'BrainDish' was embedded into a simulation of the iconic computer game Pong.

The ability of neurons in assemblies to respond to external stimuli adaptively is the basis for all animal learning. Although this initial experiment is a very basic simulation, it has demonstrated intelligent and sentient behavior in a simulated game-world through goal-directed behavior.

This approach provides a promising new research avenue to support or challenge theories explaining how the brain interacts with the world, and for studying intelligence in general. It may also be a panacea for overcoming the key challenges facing the evolution of machine intelligence beyond human levels, as neurons have various learning characteristics that we have not yet been emulate in computers.

Study: In vitro neurons learn and exhibit sentience when embodied in a simulated game-world, Brett J. Kagan et al.

3. OI - A New Avenue for Developing Intelligence

Our first two examples take organoids on different evolutionary paths than what was originally envisioned by neuroscientists. However, even the traditional domain of organoid science is still pretty much in its infancy, and this is set to change quickly.

There are many promising methods emerging for increasing their scale, complexity and functional specialization, while still retaining their practical access within a lab dish. As such, brain organoids are currently one of the most exciting domains of research in biocomputing.

Though flying under the radar of traditional machine intelligence approaches, ‘Organoid intelligence’ (OI) is emerging as a potential contender for the fastest route to the holy grail of artificial general intelligence (AGI).

A consortium of 20+ scientific leaders in the space have recently published a comprehensive landmark paper on the furthering the science of organoids.

Here are 6 key assertions they posit.

1. Biological computing (or biocomputing) could be faster, more efficient, and more powerful than silicon-based computing and AI, and only require a fraction of the energy.

2. ‘Organoid intelligence’ (OI) describes an emerging multidisciplinary field working to develop biological computing using 3D cultures of human brain cells (brain organoids) and brain-machine interface technologies.

3. OI requires scaling up current brain organoids into complex, durable 3D structures enriched with cells and genes associated with learning, and connecting these to next-generation input and output devices and AI/machine learning systems.

4. OI requires new models, algorithms, and interface technologies to communicate with brain organoids, understand how they learn and compute, and process and store the massive amounts of data they will generate.

5. OI research could also improve our understanding of brain development, learning, and memory, potentially helping to find treatments for neurological disorders such as dementia.

6. Ensuring OI develops in an ethically and socially responsive manner requires an ‘embedded ethics’ approach where interdisciplinary and representative teams of ethicists, researchers, and members of the public identify, discuss, and analyze ethical issues and feed these back to inform future research and work.

In a nutshell, these researchers hope to use samples of human tissue to grow and manipulate increasingly powerful collections of brain cells that they could use in place of standard silicon computer chips.

These clusters of cells will be much larger and grown in three dimensions, which allows the neurons within them to create significantly more connections.

It’s a technology that requires a lot of scientific disciplines to get off the ground. While some researchers are working on growing organoids to the 10-million-cell size, that scientists estimate is needed to be to start functioning anywhere close to a human brain, others are developing tech that would allow us to communicate with a clump of cells and have that clump communicate back.

A key step in this two-way communication was made recently through the development of a kind of an EEG cap for organoids, using a flexible shell densely covered with tiny electrodes that can both pick up signals from the organoid, and transmit signals to it.

But just building a very powerful computer is not the only thing these researchers are aiming for. They also hope to use these OI computers to analyze neurological conditions and help patients.

Leading organoid researcher Thomas Hartung summarized, “For example, we could compare memory formation in organoids derived from healthy people and from Alzheimer’s patients, and try to repair relative deficits. We could also use OI to test whether certain substances, such as pesticides, cause memory or learning problems.”

They could relieve human suffering and disease through the treatments they help develop and could spare the lives of thousands of animals currently being sacrificed for human research.

Study: Organoid intelligence (OI): the new frontier in biocomputing and intelligence-in-a-dish, L Smirnova, et. al.

How About the Ethics of Organoids?

In April 2021, the U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine published a report stating that, although mini brains are currently insubstantial in size, complexity, and maturity, as these increase, no one can guarantee that they will not develop some sort of human-type awareness.

If this becomes the case, then the growing sophistication of organoids could become an ethical can of worms, hindering their further development. However this would also mark the first real encounter of non-human yet human-like consciousness, which would be a landmark in itself.

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As founder of SPARKD Fitness I’m a strong advocate for the brain health and wellness benefits of mind-body training. Here I will cover how neurotechnologies can be used to integrate physical fitness, motor-skills and cognitive training, to deliver an ideal workout for the brain and body.

A Journey from Movement and Fitness…

My background originally was in contemporary dance movement, which I graduated in around 20 years ago. I then transitioned as a specialist in fitness and gym-based training, managing various centers in different countries.

Then about 5 years back I started to take a deep dive into the neuroscience of exercise. Initially I focused on how the different parts of the brain and networks are affected by different types of movement and different types of exercise. I found really fascinating, and still do, as the science is still evolving quickly.

…to Mind-Body Wellness

With that transition my values moved from what condition the body is in, to how do people effectively look after their brains, especially into older age. I have first-hand experience of how important this is from my grandfather having Alzheimer's disease.

I found that the potential to prevent or reduce the challenges of age-related neurodegeneration really resonated with me, and mind-body training has all hallmarks of an effective and practical solution to these challenges.

In particular this vision made the mission of my work stronger, because it matters in terms of how I look after myself and my family, shifting my focus from elite performance to everyday folk.

Formulating a Solution

Then three years ago I started conceptualizing what kind of setup would be ideal for optimizing this type of brain and body fitness approach, which needed to incorporate exercise, complex movement and cognitive demands.

To build a comprehensive solution I committed myself to over a year of research into all the different types of training technologies available to put to use. This materialized into a clear solution of bringing together the latest neurotechnologies into one space for integrated functional training.

The Birth of SPARKD

Our main training center, called SPARKD Hub, was opened in Singapore two years ago. Rather than describe it, here is a video overview.

As you can see its essentially a group session performed like circuit training. However, unlike traditional fitness training, we incorporate a plethora of methods for conditioning lots of different systems simultaneously, and in different ways.

With this we also get lots of great metrics on neurophysical performance, and of course, it’s a lot of hormone-stimulating fun – which adds further wellness benefits. It helps that the exercises are quite heavily gamified, and continually challenging people to progress to the next level. As you can imagine, this is a refreshing change to the familiar grind of traditional gym workouts.

SPARKD BOX

Alongside SPARKD HUB we responded to demand for local setups of our mind-body training. For this we developed SPARKD BOX, which comprises a selection of key training technologies that work well together, fitted into an installation with a small footprint. These are currently specialized for corporate training, seniors and young students.

We’ve found that mind-body training through cognitive-motor conditioning resonates well. People can readily feel it as both engaging and worthwhile to their overall health. It’s certainly an advantage that we can take a familiar gym style approach, as it's not a big leap of faith to dive into.

Elite Training for Everyday People

A key goal was to make this type of training more accessible to a wider audience, and to move beyond the heavy focus on top athletes and elite human performance specialists. Although most of our neurotechnologies were aimed at elite performance, they work superbly for pretty much anyone.

Our core clients are people in the range of 40-60 years old. In recent times this demographic has become surprisingly aware of the need to look after their brain health to increase longevity, improve later quality of life, and maintain overall wellbeing and independence. This seems especially true for people who’ve had some sort of sports background in their past.

Corporate training is similarly in high demand, so we work in conjunction with an executive coaching company. Companies want to keep their valued employees not just productive, but also to keep them performing well as long as possible.

Lastly, we work with schools, which is a lot of fun because the kids just get so excited and engaged, and the schools get access to high-quality objective performance metrics, which their typical exercise programs are missing.

Overall, our multidimensional training approach fits very well not just across different groups, but also different types of individuals. We have the flexibility to mix and match different styles of training. For example clients might want to focus on pushing themselves a lot physically, improving reaction speed, boosting their cognitive agility, or just being highly motivated, and we can customize workouts to whatever they are attracted to.

Showing the Benefits

To demonstrate how effective mind-body training is for brain health and performance, we’ve been conducting pilot studies across 6-week programs with our different client groups. We do a comprehensive cognitive assessment with Creyos (formally Cambridge Brain Sciences).

We’ve collected lots of data we’ve yet to formally publish, but typically we are seeing overall gains core cognitive functions ranging from 15 to 24% from three twenty minute workouts per week. From a total of 6 hours of training, this is a really significant benefit in mental abilities that are normally challenging to move the needle on. It also doesn’t take into account the physiological and motor-skill benefits.

For corporate clients in particular, it really helps to collect this kind of data to show them. Once they see the tangible benefits it's bringing to their employees, the return-on-investment becomes a no-brainer.

The findings with schools will be presented at an upcoming education conference, which I hope will lead to opportunities to do wider studies.

We are trying to create more awareness of the accessibility and benefits of this type of mind-body training. In 5-10 years, I can see it becoming something lots of people get engaged with as part of their everyday lives, really enjoy, and feel all the better for it.

If you’d like to learn more about SPARKD, feel free to check out our website or reach out to us.

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Here are 6 illusions that should catch your eye right off-the-bat. They each involve very different perceptual or knowledge-based processes, but are surprisingly effective at showing how we use much more than visual information to make meaning of the world around us.

1. Relative Brightness

This first illusion is a based on a classic in neuroscience. It comes from master illusion-maker Akiyoshi Kitaoka, who has cleverly amplified the effect by moving a grey square across a sheet of paper with a gradient.

In trying to make sense of the stark contrast between left and right, the visual system acts as if the gray square is being moved out of shadow into bright light, and then into dark shadow. For the square to look that shade in bright light, it would have to be quite dark — so the perpetual system infers that it is.

On the flip side, for the square to look that shade in dark shadow, it would have to be very light—so the perceptual system infers that, instead. The human brain does a lot of work behind the scenes to contextualize visual data before it is processed.

2. Scintillating Starburst

This image represents a new class of illusion, which is quite subtle, but reveals how our minds can creatively construct new perceptions out of geometric patterns. Developed through a collaboration between a visual artist and a psychology researcher, it is somewhat poetically titled as the 'Scintillating Starburst'.

If you see fleeting rays emanating from the center that are brighter than the background, then note that your mind has generated these through a form of pattern recognition (there is only a single shade of grey).

It was refined experimentally the old-fashioned way, by having 100 study participants view 162 different versions which varied in shape, complexity, and brightness.

As the psychology researcher explained from the findings,

''..𝗮 𝗹𝗮𝗿𝗴𝗲 𝗻𝘂𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝗼𝗳 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝗺𝗶𝗻𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗽𝗼𝗶𝗻𝘁𝘀 𝗹𝗲𝗮𝗱𝘀 𝘁𝗼 𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗿 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗺𝗼𝗿𝗲 𝘃𝗶𝘃𝗶𝗱 𝗿𝗮𝘆𝘀, 𝗮𝘀 𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿𝗲 𝗮𝗿𝗲 𝗺𝗼𝗿𝗲 𝗰𝘂𝗲𝘀 𝘁𝗼 𝗶𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗲 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗶𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗶𝗲𝗱 𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲𝘀.''

This research illustrates how the brain 'connects the dots' to create one’s subjective reality, highlighting the constructive nature of perception.

3. Two-Way Train

This simple animated image has a just a low enough frame rate for motion to be processed, while leaving ambiguity about its direction. You will instinctively see it as moving towards, or away.

The interesting part is that for an illusion, it’s one of the easiest to consciously manipulate. With a little bit of focus you can choose which way it goes, and with some practice perceive it as quickly alternating directions.

4. Dual Street

In this image an identical photo of a street is duplicated side-by-side. However, the road on the right appears to be going much more towards the right, and the left heading more straight.

The effect is strong partly because of our knowledge that streets close together don’t run parallel. If you’d never seen a street before, the effect could be negligible.

5. Artistic Trash

Although more art than illusion, this creative concept does however reveal that we are biased towards recognizing 3D forms.

As the shadow only picks up the contour of the trash pile, it comes as a surprise that what seems random, is actually highly ordered.

6. The Muller-Lyer Illusion

This last illusion is another variation on a classic, also adding motion for to emphasize the effect. Even before reading the description, you’ve probably guessed that the blue and red lines are all the same size. This version also adds a strong impression that each horizontal row of lines is moving like a Mexican wave, but literally the only motion is the arrows.

There are many theories about how this works, but no one’s certain which theory is correct. It may be even be a culture-specific phenomenon.

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I wondered why I felt so restless, an attack on my attention had taken effect by now.

My book the heralded classic ‘Don Quixote’ written by Miguel Cervantes was waiting for me at my bedside desk. Written in the 1500’s (the first novel ever written), it is considered the greatest by many - a timeless masterpiece of 900 pages.  Next to that was Stephen King’s ‘On writing’ a book containing insight on the craft I was trying to get better at from one of its most prolific names.

So why was I so restless? I was opting instead for scrolling social media feeds when I had made plans to read some of these two classics that day. The restlessness came from knowing it was not serving me, knowing I was not enjoying it and that my time would be better spent delving into the depths of the past, instead of compulsively blitzing through the never ending now. I was trying to satiate my impulse of receiving instant gratification.

That right there was the reason, and it is my biggest concern for myself and the people around me, I opted to browse not because it was hard, but because it was easy, because it didn’t require effort.  

TikTok: Rescue Back Your Time

One of the biggest causes of this concern is the app TikTok. While I have never been a user of the app, I’ve studied it enough to know the affects it has on people who do use it. For example, sometimes I’m not heard in conversation until the fifth repetition, and on other occasions I’ve seen people look down and pick up their phone without even interrupting the conversation with so much as an “excuse me.”

This might not be down to TikTok, I might just be an uninteresting and unlikeable person - in which case you’ve clicked off by now ;) However, I hypothesise that overindulgence in instant gratification is at least a symptom.

The interesting thing here is that the above paragraph was written yesterday at noon, today things had gotten a little away from me, but I was supposed to begin today's portion of writing at 6pm, it is now 8:06 pm. True to the issues I had illustrated in the opening paragraph.  

Nietchze once said that when you stare long enough into the abyss it stares right back at you. In my case it’s been that when I stare long enough into the abyss, I see tweet, after tweet, after tweet, as I sit there restless and irritated.

I knew I let myself down when I should be writing instead of opting to be just another spoke on the wheel, a wheel that is forever turning churning out an endless amount of cheap dopamine.

The Concept of Digital Dementia

Recently I was on YouTube listening to a podcast and on it the host referenced a study talking about how smartphone addiction leads to shrinkage of the brains grey matter. This form of tissue in the brain is crucial for helping us to process information and make decisions, as well as being linked with the deterioration of memory, attention span, and impulse control (which of course causes a reinforcement of the addiction).

This amalgamation of horrors was aptly given the umbrella term ‘digital dementia’. Immediately I was shocked and filled with righteous indignation thinking to myself that people are so unaware of these things, I was annoyed that people didn’t seem to care, “people need to know about this and how it’s damaging them, maybe then they’ll learn” I thought to myself.

I was just about to use the screen record function on my phone to share the clip onto my Instagram story and then I stopped, processed the irony of what was going on here, humbled myself at the fact that I’m just as much at the mercy of these instruments of chaos as anyone else, chuckled, put my phone down and just did nothing for a couple of minutes.  

Instant and passive desire fulfilment, this shrinkage of the effort to reward gap that makes scrolling unconsciously so addictive, the phenomena is quite literally called ‘zombie scrolling.’ Something I managed to avoid that day.

Luckily there are ways to combat this attack on our attention, memory and ability to delay gratification, both from studies and personal experience, I hope they prove useful to you and serve as reminders to me.

3 Ways to Combat Digital Dementia

1. Going for a stroll

The other day I was going for a long stroll from my house through my local park, I don’t mean to do the stereotypical thing of ‘the sun was shining and the birds were chirping’, but this is quite literally what was happening.

Now usually I would have my earphones plugged in and amp the intensity of my wheeling (I am a wheelchair user) until my leisurely stroll became my equivalent of a run. I would then stop and restart the cycle.

Today however, I had decided to leave my earphones at home. Now in the past I had done this to force myself to think, as all my brain would come up with would be song lyrics (a shocking illustration of just how plugged in we have become as a society). But on this day, something else had happened.

Perhaps through now taking on the identity of a writer I started to think up blog ideas, article ideas, essay ideas, headlines and potential future sentences, all as a consequence of paying attention to the thoughts in my head. The lack of earphones and distraction also had the fascinating effect of making me want to stay out for longer, and epitomized the phrase ‘hear myself think.’  

This type of focus has been shown to have effects on attention, memory, and cognitive flexibility, (essentially open mindedness), and I find that it enhances my attention greatly.

Before I would go on strolls, I’d never listened to a podcast from start to finish, it simply required too much concentration and effort. Now that I implement this habit I finish (and absorb) podcasts regularly.

It’s also been found that walking can improve your creative problem solving. I’ve found it to be the case that when I’m entertaining an issue in my mind, I come up with proposals and rebuttals and concepts in response to the issue at a much more prolific rate when outside.  It’s as though reading about an issue and going for a walk shortly after gives space for the thought to really nestle in my subconscious.

2. Meditation/Breathwork

The tenured Stanford professor of Neurobiology Dr Andrew Huberman stated on his public education podcast Huberman Lab, that a simple “meditation like” practice of sitting for 17 to 20 minutes and not doing anything but observing your mind can combat “age related cognitive decline”. In my own personal experience this has a very rejuvenating and calming effect.

I remember starting to meditate consistently about 4 years ago, back when I was what I’ve heard be referred to as “a self-help junkie,” somebody obsessed with self-improvement to the point it became a detriment.

Now meditation and the term ‘mindfulness’ has been shrouded in insincerity due to having become a central part of corporate Jargon. Meditation has become the flag bearer for ‘narcissistic spirituality’ the utilization of techniques intended for the enhancement of personal wellbeing, as a tool to fulfil your desires, and ‘boost productivity.’ Irrespective of that and my reasons for engaging in the behaviour I can say doing so made me feel calmer and quelled my rumination and caused me to question my thoughts, as well as increasing my sense of agency. Now when I occasionally engage it’s supremely relaxing and I bemoan not doing it more.  

3. Long Form Content

If the central issue at the core of this article is that our attention and cognitive ability declines with a reliance on instant gratification, the shortening of the gap between effort and stimulus, then it stands to reason that the information that we should be consuming is one that widens that gap.

We must go from junk info to information that takes a while to read, process, and fully understand, without giving you what you want immediately. Knowing that an article is long form puts me in the state of focus before engaging because I am aware that I will need to focus to engage with the piece.

Something curious also happens when I’m reading a book, for the first few pages I struggle to focus, then It’s as if my brain signals to me that it’s time to concentrate and I put some effort into properly becoming immersed. A similar thing happens with writing.  

The keyword in all this being ‘effort’ - the more effort required for something the more cognitively demanding it usually is, the more cognitively demanding it is the more it requires focus. Thus making it more rewarding, and a source of good dopamine.

I suppose a nice way to illustrate this in the readers mind (and in my own), is to ask the following by trying to consciously think when doing an activity in daily life.

Is this the best use of my time?

Is the reward from this activity easy to come by?

What is a more beneficial way to satiate the need that this behaviour is fulfilling?

Let’s say you are zombie scrolling and are lethargic, you probably want to relax. Instead find a better way to relax, such as taking a stroll in the park, going to your local pool, meeting a friend for a conversation, or even just go to a coffee shop.

If you can’t stop reading tweets or watching videos, you’re probably looking for a way to be stimulated and entertained. If so pick up a book, earn the entertainment. If you want to argue and be heard, try journalling. It’s a better way to say what you think then articulating yourself in real time while emotional.

These are my methods that I believe will allow you to shield yourself and put up the proper barriers in response to the attack on attention. Take back your time one EFFORT at a time.

Thank you for reading. If you’d like to follow or read more of my work, then here are some links.

My LinkedIn daily blog

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If you find fractals like the Mandelbrot set fascinating, yet don’t know about cellular automata, then fasten your seat belt. Here we will introduce this undeservedly esoteric domain of mathematics, explore examples in action, uncover why this type of bare bones simulation generates astonishing forms of complexity, and holds the keys to unlocking deep scientific phenomena. The wonderful world of cellular automata may even yield proof that we are living in a simulation.

The Simplest Most-Complex-Clock Ever?

Before we dive in, let’s pique your curiosity with this video. As you will see, it gradually forms from a bunch of moving pixels, into a functioning digital clock.

So what?

First of all, note that the clock represents a true form of emergence. Emergence is found in nature, where simple systems mysteriously give rise to highly complex behaviors.

For example, ants, bees and termites are basic creatures with very limited simple behaviors. However en masse, they form super organisms with behaviors arising that are highly complex, such bees precisely modulating the temperature of a hive, and ants gathering themselves into a raft to cross a river or to survive a flood.

The clock above similarly emerges out of a super-simple simulation (you can think of the pixels like ants), giving an interesting example of cellular automata. Now let’s get into what it actually is.

What Are Cellular Automata?

Cellular automata were originally devised by John von Neumann. Then in 1970, Cambridge mathematician John Conway refined the approach to create Conway’s Game of Life.  By the way, if you want to discover an Easter egg from the geeks at Google, try googling ‘Conway’s Game of Life’.

This version is also the easiest to understand, and comprises just four very simple rules about the way cells behave on a square grid. The rules basically instruct cells to be alive or dead (black or white), according to the states of neighboring cells. And that’s it.

You can try out the real thing in your browser here. Just stop the simulation, click on any number of cells to make them alive, then click start.

If you give it a try, you’ll likely notice one of three things.

1. The cells die out or become stagnant, and the simulation effectively ends.

2. The cells form into interesting small and stable structures that flip between two states.

3. The cells seem to come alive and start doing unusual things such as forming small spaceship-like structures that glide off into the unknown (aptly termed ‘gliders’).

Novel, but not exactly inspiring.

However, depending on the cells you select, weird things can begin happen. Testament to this, the clock we introduced earlier, is actually generated from one specific configuration of Conway’s Game of Life. Hence it’s likely the simplest functioning digital clock ever created.

Except that technically, it wasn’t created. Rather it self-organized out of the basic starting conditions of the simulation.

You can explore a live version of the clock simulation here. Remember there are only three things at play: the starting cells, the basic rules, and iterative repetition.

What’s Happening?

Cellular automata have fascinated brilliant minds for decades because, unlike nature, they are a clearly defined and deterministically bounded system. Which according to intuition, shouldn’t be capable of doing anything complex. Yet they do.

Therefore, they represent a very pure form of emergence that’s amenable to study. However, this is where things get deep, because they also display something referred to as irreducible computability.

This means, that although the simulation is super-simple and completely determined, there is fundamentally no way to predict what will happen, other than running a specific simulation to find out. There are essentially no predictive shortcuts.

This is also where chaos theory comes in (think butterfly’s wings), because a minuscule change in the starting conditions can dramatically change the outcomes. For example, having just one cell in a different position for the clock above, could prevent it from emerging at all.

And There’s More…Much More

There appears to be no upper boundary on the complexity that can be generated using only this approach. With sufficient computing power, the grid can be far larger with more starting cells, and the simulation run for much longer.

Stephen Wolfram provided mathematical proof that cellular automata are Turing complete, in that eventually all possible states can be realized using certain rules.

Now this is where things get really interesting from both a scientific and computational perspective, because even something as basic as Conway’s Game of Life, can also generate functional computations.

Certain types of cell structures are more likely to emerge, such as gliders. These can move into other structures, and either interact then fly out of the structure intact, or effectively get swallowed up and disappear.

This behavior mimics a logic gate, that is, an interaction which produces a 1 or 0, which is a critical aspect of the way our computers process information. Similarly, NAND gates can also be generated, which both computers and neurons use to trigger a signal only when a certain threshold is achieved.

Such characteristics allow cellular automata to be capable of becoming Universal Turing machines, meaning they can potentially emulate any other machines or computers.

Extrapolating these concepts to the nth degree, with enough computing power and time, it’s theorized that cellular automata could generate highly complex simulations capable of producing intelligence, possibly providing a more organic route to artificial general intelligence.

Going Next Level

We mentioned earlier that Conway’s Game of Life is one of the most basic forms of cellular automata. There are many ways this simulation approach can be varied based on the rules applied, or for instance, using a three-dimensional grid, or even more dimensions (which mathematics perfectly allows).

They can also be combined with neural networks to guide the simulations towards desired outcomes. In recent years research in this area has been progressing, quickly with some astonishing results.

Exploration of these variations has revealed automata that display surprisingly organic behavior, including the equivalent of biological cells with functional membranes. Here are some examples.

One particular landmark paper titled ‘Growing Neural Cellular Automata’, applied such techniques to replicate a mystery of nature called morphogenesis. Morphogenesis is found in creatures like flatworms, whereby if they are cut in half, two new complete flatworms will grow.

In this research, they used neural network training to discover cellular automata patterns than can create a stable image, within a simulation that is interactive.

When the image is perturbed, such as cutting it in half, it self-reassembles, or grows into two new ones. This close replication of morphogenesis is still encoded in very simple starting conditions and simulation rules.

You can try the interactive simulation for yourself here, aptly using the image of a lizard.

What Does It All Mean?

There are a few deep takeaways.

Firstly, John von Neumann painstakingly created the first iterations of cellular automata using only pen and paper. This highlights a key point that the simulations are extremely rudimentary, yet out of barebones simplicity, arises deeply complex behaviors. This hidden dimension of complexity seems to be inherent – we are just discovering it.

Secondly, the chaotic systems and emergence seen in natural systems can be mimicked through cellular automata, which means it’s very likely they hold some secrets to the nature of life itself. If so, then because the simulations are essentially based on information processing, the richness we see rise out of nature may also be the same.

Last but not least, it’s likely we’ve barely scratched the surface of what cellular automata can become. Through the application of vast increases in computation, it’s viable that simulations exhibiting the richness and complexity of our world could emerge. It’s even possible they hold the virtual computational power to create copies or iterations of new such simulations within themselves.

If we hypothesize this to be achievable, then it begs the very serious question ‘are we living in the Matrix’. If you’re not familiar with simulation theory, many esteemed scientists across different disciplines believe our reality may well be simulated – with very plausible theories to back them up.

If not, then it raises another question – why is our reality so replicable through this form of emergence? Whatever the takeaway, cellular automata are wonderfully fascinating.

If you’d like to take a deep dive into this subject, then Machine Learning Street Talk produced a fabulous video interviewing subject matter experts at the cutting-edge.

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Illusions can take decades of work for vision experts and neuroscientists to perfect, as they have been designed to tease out and discover very specific methods that our brains use to decode the world around us. This involves shortcuts that save on mental processing, and are actually very accurate...99% of the time. Here we will look at the 1% of the time when things don't match reality. Here are 6 examples that reveal different ways our brains use perceptual shortcuts.

1. The Rabbit Illusion

Without giving the video away, this special type of perceptual illusion demonstrates a couple of interesting ways our sensory processes work that we're generally unaware of.

Note you will need to turn sound on.

1. How cross-modal sensory processing can trigger one sense to change how another sense is experienced (think of how smell influences taste). In this case sound and vision.

2. How a future stimulus can change the way you perceive the past (on very short timescales). A phenomenon known as 'postdiction'.

Here is a graphical illustration of the effect.

2. The Bezold Effect

This illusion is known as the 'Bezold effect', named after the meteorologist who discovered it over a century ago.

You probably surmised the eagles are the exact same color. Although our eyes receive the alternating color bars distinctly, because they are in close proximity, a color assimilation in our visual processing occurs - AKA 'spreading'.

It acts like a type of spatial color mixing, but done with our brains rather than a palette. As with most illusions, the effect is specific to the stimuli, i.e. increasing the width of the bars apart reduces the effect.

Interestingly though, when large areas of color are placed adjacent to each other, the opposite occurs and color contrast actually causes polarization.

This type of illusion demonstrates clearly how spatial information and color interpretation are closely intertwined in our visual systems.

3. Ninios Extinction Illusion

This image was created by Utrecht University neuroscientist Ryota Kanai, and is a variation of a grid illusion.

It's interesting in two ways.

Firstly, there are a number of black dots in the image, but it is tricky to find them until you scan most of the image by moving your central focus around.

Secondly, when focusing on a black dot you will notice the other black dots that you could see, quickly fade to nothing. While focusing on one, only 3 or 4 at most can be perceived simultaneously.

There is still some mystery and debate about the visual mechanisms behind this illusion, but a partial explanation is our surprising lack of ability to see detail outside our immediate central focus.

4. Healing Grid Illusion

This interesting 'Healing Grid' illusion was created by Utrecht University neuroscientist Ryota Kanai.

As is plain to see, the image is regular at the center, but the grid pattern is broken at the sides.

However, by simply focusing at the center of the grid for a short time, you will notice the grid steadily become perfectly aligned - almost magically (hence the 'healing' name).

Fascinatingly, it indicates a natural preference of our visual brains to perceive order rather than chaos, in effect materializing what isn't there.

This makes sense from an ecological perspective, as when we come across things that are highly ordered or have regular repeating patterns, it would be unusual for those patterns to break down.

So in effect our brains appear to be geared towards extrapolating order, even when sensory information contradicts it.

This is a nice cursory example of the 'internal model', where we build most of the reality we actually experience.

5. Motion Control

Many visual illusions cannot be consciously controlled, while others are quite susceptible.

This image is an example of a particularly strong illusion of motion. However this occurs because we become immediately visually curious and scan our focal point around the image to better understand it (without being aware of doing so).

As world-leading vision expert Professor Faubert explained, ''These type of illusions are essentially triggered by eye movements (or blinks) generating transients interpreted by motion neurons as movement depending on the pattern''.

In this case, simply resisting that automatic urge and focusing directly on the central point allows you to slow down the motion, and with a bit of mental effort halt it entirely.

In this way visual illusions can act as a simple form of neurofeedback, reflecting control over our visual and mental focus in real-time.

6. Anthropomorphic Perspective

This real photo is the headquarters of a ceramic tile company in England, showing off what can be done with tiling.

Presumably you've guessed it's an optical illusion composed of completely flat tiles. The technique uses uses distortions in the layout of the squares that align with what our minds expect if the surface really was curved, also known as an anthropomorphic illusion. The effect only works from one perspective, in this case it's looking down the hallway.

On one level that's straightforward to rationalize. However, now imagine walking down that corridor for the first time and what your physical instincts would be. Mind over matter or matter over mind?

7. The Ponzo Illusion

This simple image with a bus copied is a nice and clear example of the Ponzo illusion.

Our brain builds our visual reality using contextual cues, rather than simply what we see. Here perspective provides a strong bias that the bus further away must be relatively much larger than the closer bus.

Interestingly, knowing this doesn't help very much with perceiving them as the same size, as the effect is quite powerful.

The simple takeaway is that reality is as much about what we unconsciously predict, rather than just being the direct visual information we receive.

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Chemical gene production or synthesis is a crucial pillar in modern molecular biology, helping to produce whole native genes and novel genes (those that don’t occur naturally). Moreover, the process is the basis for producing entire genomes (the complete set of genetic instructions present in a living cell).

Advances in gene synthesis technologies mean diverse gene production methods are available to interested parties. However, each method has its niche application, synthesizing specific genes, and one technique cannot substitute another. Therefore, below is an overview of the common gene synthesis techniques and their characteristics to guide your method choice for different projects.

Gene Synthesis Protocol?

Synthetic gene production is a stepwise process that facilitates the production of a gene and other gene products without relying on a DNA template. Therefore it facilitates the production of diverse genes, including custom genes with modified sequences or base pairs.

As stated above, advances in biotechnology mean that multiple synthetic gene production techniques exist. However, all the techniques borrow from a living organism's native gene production process as the basis for chemical gene production, with slight modifications here and there.

Therefore, understanding the basic gene synthesis process helps appreciate the nuances among gene synthesis techniques. Below is an overview of the steps involved in gene synthesis.

Oligonucleotide synthesis

Oligonucleotides are short nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) strands and function as the building block for any gene product production, including peptide and protein synthesis. Different gene synthesis methods employ different reagents and techniques to initiate oligonucleotide synthesis. However, the process moves in a 3’ to 5’ direction in all the methods.

Oligonucleotide annealing

Annealing entails heating molecules like oligonucleotides before cooling them gradually to facilitate hybridization or the formation of a chemical bond between two molecules. Different gene synthesis methods employ unique annihilation techniques to form a complete gene sequence.

Gene sequence cloning

Cloning entails replicating copies of the newly-formed gene sequence using a cloning vector.

Clone screening

Gene synthesis is not a perfect process. Therefore, clone screening is necessary to identify the target gene within the clones. Popularscreening tools include ELISA kits and chromatography.

Sequence analysis and error correction

Besides identifying the target gene, a thorough analysis of the base pairs in the sequence is necessary. Moreover, corrective measures to rectify replication errors like base deletion and substitution ensure desirable plasmid placement.

Methods and Applications

Below is an overview of the most popular gene synthesis methods and applications.

1. Solid-phase Synthesis

Solid-phase synthesis is a classic gene synthesis method and entails using chemically-modified nucleosides, including locked nucleic acids(LNAs), to synthesize target oligonucleotides. A reagent column containing a deblocking acid holds the nucleosides that gradually form an oligonucleotide chain with the deprotection of subsequent nucleosides.

The enzymatic assembly process entails de-blocking (deprotection) of the nucleosides, followed by coupling, capping, and oxidation to form a gene sequence from the newly-formed oligonucleotides. Solid-phase synthesis is a fully-automated process, and researchers collect the genes at the end. Its advantages include a remarkably high gene sequence accuracy.  

However, the deprotection process increases the chances of side reactions, and the risks increase with increasing length. Therefore, solid-phase synthesis only produces genes of 15-25 bases in length (200 nucleotide residue maximum). Such genes have applications in molecular biology and medicine, including as antisense in protein synthesis or as probes for detecting complementary genetic matter.

2. Chip-based DNA Synthesis

Chip-based DNA synthesis is a next-generation gene synthesis process. Unlike solid-phase synthesis, which is a chemical process, chip-based synthesis is an electrochemical process.

The method utilizes microarray semiconductor chips fitted with temperature controls to generate multiple oligonucleotides within one setting. Chip-based synthesis complements the traditional phosphoramidite cycle chemical process by creating pockets of temperature-controlled zones called virtual wells/ islands, facilitating selectivity.

Moreover, it facilitates error detection and correction during the oligonucleotide assembly process and does not require a separate sequence analysis and error correction stage. Chip-based synthesis’ advantages include high throughput and the capacity to generate gene fragments with longer base pairs. The technique produces gene sequences for applications requiring a high target DNA volume and low accuracy.

3. PCR-based Enzyme Synthesis

PCR (polymerase chain reaction) gene synthesis is a classic process that produces millions of gene fragments in two stages that utilize primers. The first stage is assembling overlapping nucleotides through a self-priming chain reaction to generate a 60bp oligonucleotide, covering the entire sequence.

Second, a subsequent PCR reaction generates DNA fragments 400-500bp long. An additional primer amplifies the target DNA fragment. The method is ideal for applications that require high-accuracy, long gene fragments.

4. Gene Synthesis From Array-derived Oligonucleotide Pools

Array-derived gene synthesis is arguably the most affordable gene production process due to its low reagent consumption. Second, the method accommodates a multiplex capacity, producing thousands to tens of thousands of oligonucleotide sequences.

However, while the diverse oligonucleotide sequences are a plus, assembling the oligonucleotides into viable gene fragments is challenging due to sequence homology. Therefore, the method is ideal for custom gene synthesis processes requiring much lower quantities of gene fragments.

5. Liquid-phase Gene Synthesis

Liqui-phase gene synthesis is also a classic technique, similar in many elements to solid-phase synthesis. However, unlike solid-phase synthesis, oligonucleotide generation occurs in a solution rather than in column support. Also, liquid-phase gene synthesis has a lower side-chain reaction risk and can generate long DNA fragments with minimal errors, albeit slower.

Conclusion

Gene synthesis techniques are constantly evolving to meet the rising demand for high-quality genes, cost-effectiveness, and scalability. The methods highlighted above are the primary gene production methods, and you can consult your service provider on the ideal method for your project and budget.

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If you think about it, your mouth and teeth are actually quite a marvel of science. Your teeth help you chew, speak, and smile—and they can also tell us a lot about your overall health. Did you know that dental health has been linked to serious diseases like heart disease and diabetes? Read on to learn more about the connection between oral and brain health:

Heart Disease and Stroke Are Major Health Risks

You may not realize it, but your mouth is a source of many health issues. It’s a common misconception that dental problems are just cosmetic and don’t affect us physically in any way. The truth is that dental health has been linked to some major health issues like heart disease and stroke, diabetes and dementia.

When you have gum disease, the bacteria in your mouth can get into your bloodstream. These bacteria then enter the walls of your blood vessels where they produce chemicals called cytokines (pronounced “sy-co-kites”). These substances cause inflammation throughout the body – including in the arteries leading to your heart or brain – which can lead to serious problems like atherosclerosis or coronary artery disease; this then increases your risk for having a stroke or heart attack later on down the road!

Brain Swelling Is a Risk of Untreated Tooth Infections

Brain swelling is a serious condition that requires immediate treatment. If you ignore a dental infection, it can cause brain swelling, which has symptoms like nausea, vomiting, headaches and confusion.

In cases of severe tooth infections or abscesses (pus-filled pockets in the gums), doctors may need to drain your sinuses to relieve pressure on the brain. In rare cases where an abscess ruptures into an artery near your ear or eye socket, permanent damage can occur if not treated quickly enough

Infections In the Mouth Can Result in Dementia

Dementia is a disease that affects the brain and causes problems with memory, thinking, language and behavior.

Dementia can be caused by infections, such as gum disease. Dementia is not curable, but it can be treated. It's more common in older adults than younger people.

People with dementia might forget words or names for things like food or household items that are around them all the time—or they may get confused about what day it is and how old they are. They may also have trouble following conversations or understanding jokes; asking simple questions; remembering appointments; walking without getting lost; paying attention during movies or conversations; having normal interactions with others; planning activities such as meals and outings; shopping for groceries; recognizing family members' faces.

Tooth Loss May Be Related to Parkinson's Disease

The relationship between your teeth and brain health has just been further explored by a team of researchers at the University of California, San Francisco. They found that people who had lost their teeth were more likely to have Parkinson’s disease later in life.

Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects movement, causing tremor and stiffness in muscles, as well as slowness or rigidity in limbs and face muscles. It usually starts with mild symptoms that worsen over time; eventually it can lead to dementia. In some cases, however, symptoms appear suddenly without any previous warning signs.

Parkinson's disease is caused by the death of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain; these neurons are involved with controlling movement and emotional responses because they help regulate our reward system (telling us when we've done something right). This means that losing them can lead to cognitive impairment too—and we know from previous research how important oral health is for maintaining good cognitive function!

Gum Health May Affect Diabetes

Diabetes affects the body’s ability to process sugar, and it can lead to serious health problems, including heart disease, stroke and kidney disease. Diabetes isn’t just about blood sugar levels—it also affects your body's ability to produce new cells within your gums. This can cause gum disease that can make diabetes worse. Gum disease can lead to tooth loss and even more serious conditions like cardiovascular disease or cancer.

Gum health may affect diabetes in several ways:

● The bacteria found in periodontal (gum) pockets may be related to insulin resistance or glucose intolerance in some people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

● Researchers have found that bacteria from the mouth can enter the bloodstream through damaged tissue caused by periodontal (gum) diseases. These bacteria may influence the risk of developing T2DM by affecting insulin production or response in the pancreas, increasing postprandial hyperglycemia (high blood sugar after eating), contributing indirectly through inflammation of other tissues involved in regulation of glucose homeostasis such as liver and skeletal muscle tissue which subsequently release inflammatory cytokines [proteins] that may further promote insulin resistance/glucose intolerance through activation of receptors/signaling pathways on adipocytes [fat cells], hepatocytes [liver cells], skeletal muscle cells etc., lowering secretion of incretins like glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1) from intestinal enteroendocrine L cell networks; ultimately leading up towards decreased sensitivity towards exogenous insulin

Poor Oral Health Is the Reason for Serious Medical Conditions

Poor oral health can contribute to a number of serious medical conditions, including diabetes and heart disease. But if you have poor dental health, it may also be affecting your brain health in ways you don't even realize.

Dental health is linked to the brain—in fact, roughly 75% of people with dementia have oral problems! It's important for maintaining overall good health and has been shown to improve cognitive function as well as mood and sleep quality. And if you're not feeling 100%, it could be a good reason to visit North York Smile Centre and get your teeth cured.

Conclusion

We hope this article has helped you understand the relationship between your teeth and brain health. If you’re worried about your oral health, it’s a good idea to seek consultation with a specialist.

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A new study by researchers at McGill and the Universities of Montreal and California investigated if NeuroTracker learning rates could characterize different neurodevelopmental conditions in children. Here we'll run through an overview of the study findings.

What Was Studied

The researchers focused on three different neurodevelopmental conditions.

1. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

2. Specific learning disorder (SLD)

3. Intellectual developmental disorder (IDD)

They selected these different conditions based on the fact that NeuroTracker is a task which elicits significant attentional demands, and attentional capacities are closely interlinked with higher-order cognition (i.e., intelligence) and learning mechanisms.

The goal of the study was to highlight the role of attentional capacity and learning capability to characterize the difficulties expressed by individuals with ADHD, SLD, and IDD.

To establish learning trajectories with this 3D multiple object tracking task, 101 participants aged 6 to 17 years old completed a total of 30 NeuroTracker sessions over a period of 5 weeks, along with standardized neuropsychological assessments to confirm each neurodevelopmental diagnosis.

Here is a 2D video demonstration of the NeuroTracker task.

Each 6-minute session comprises 20 mini-tests and provides an overall 'speed threshold' score at the end of the session, measuring the upper tracking speed limit a person can achieve.

When completed in 3D at the correct viewing distance, the movement of the balls accurately simulates the speed at which objects would move if viewed as real-world objects (measured in centimeters per second).

Progression in NeuroTracker scores throughout the training program were scientifically analyzed using a latent growth curve modeling technique.

What Was Found

All participants improved at NeuroTracker, showing increased tracking speed with training, but with significant differences in terms of initial baselines and rate of improvement over time.

Performance trajectories as a function of the presence or absence of an ADHD, SLD, and IDD diagnosis revealed distinct learning trajectories in terms of how NeuroTracker scores improved across 30 sessions (2 sessions completed per training day).

Specifically analysis of the training data revealed these findings.

1. A decreased baseline performance for participants with IDD, suggesting pre-existing, diminished attention resource capacities.

2. Individuals with ADHD and SLD did not present pre-existing diminished attention resource capacities.

3. Individuals with IDD required a significant number of sessions to reach baseline performance exhibited by ADHD and SLD individuals.

4. Individuals with ADHD and SLD demonstrated a reduced rate of learning over time compared to those without ADHD and SLD.

5. A significant relationship of high comorbidity between individuals diagnosed with ADHD and SLD.

Takeaways

The study demonstrates that this type of attention-based cognitive task can yield previously undiscovered insights into the specific nature of different neurodevelopmental conditions. The researchers suggest that future studies using manipulations of the NeuroTracker task parameters (e.g. tracking duration and target prioritization), may provide more granular insights.

The open access study can be read here: Distinctive patterns of Multiple Object-Tracking performance trajectories in youth with deficits in attention, learning, and intelligence

Authors: Domenico Tullo, Jocelyn Faubert, Armando Bertone

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As a doctor primarily trained as a general practitioner, I’ve chosen to specialize in evidence-based CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy) for patients experiencing depression, anxiety and chronic pain through my psychotherapy practice Unity Wellness. This suits my passionate for improving wellness and overall health, which also keeps me open-minded to explore new therapies. One tool I’ve been excited to integrate into my approach is NeuroTracker. Here I’ll introduce why I have been finding that the application of this neurotechnology alongside CBT is especially promising.

About CBT

Most of my patients choose to do CBT remotely, and we start by talking about how it's defined, the goals, and how we can use it to improve mental health.

The cognitive part is in reference to our conscious and subconscious thinking processes. These influence how we feel, and therefore how we behave - for the better if they are positive, or for the worse if they are counterproductive.

Then we work on basically recreating or reframing thought processes into more realistic thought patterns and beliefs, tangibly changing associated feelings. For example, this can be transforming feelings of helplessness towards optimism and proactivity.

Then there are certain behaviors that we can restructure to help our mental health. These can be surprisingly simple yet important things like going to bed on time, eating regularly, limiting screen time, and engaging in exercise.

By also optimizing our lifestyle behaviors, we get into a better state of overall health.

These sessions take place once a week, and homework is set with clear and specific goals to achieve until the next week.

Within 12 weeks we are able to adopt beneficial thinking and behavioral patterns which lead to tangible improvements in mental health and wellness. One way of thinking about it is to help people help themselves.

Integrating NeuroTracker with CBT

I learned about NeuroTracker through one of my good friends, who I meet at weekends to have table tennis competitions with. One day I noticed improvements in his game, which didn't quite make sense as we only play when we get together. He then told me has been using this thing called NeuroTracker and that I should check it out.

Looking into it I discovered how it's been used by professional athletes with benefits in performance, yet also has compelling research conducted with many different populations, suitable with my evidence-based approach.

Within the therapy methodology just outlined, I have since been assigning NeuroTracker training as part of the CBT homework with promising results.

Discovering the Benefits

The NeuroTracker component fits in well with the overall objectives throughout the CBT program. As our CBT consultations are only once per week, it adds value in terms of a structured daily therapeutic routine. In particular, I’ve observed the following positives.

1. Seeing and Feeling the Benefits

One of the nice things about this form of cognitive training, is that as my clients work with the software, they see the improvements. This shows in the actual performance on the task through steady increases in speed threshold scores, alongside the real-world effects they see in terms of gains in mental focus and awareness.

As such this approach empowers my patients to want to work on improving their general cognitive function and pay more attention to their day-to-day mental health.

2. Monitoring Changes in Wellbeing

As a CBT practitioner, one of the challenges is relying on voluntary reports from the patient. With NeuroTracker however, I get some objective insights on their daily progress.

So if there is a decline in performance on certain days, it gives me the chance to say, ‘Hey, on Thursday, your scores were pretty low, were there any particular difficulties you had?’ Then they might answer that they had a very poor night sleeping, or they were in a bad mood because of a certain event that happened. As you can imagine, such insights are very valuable for progressing the overall therapy.

3. Encouraging Cognitive and Behavioral Introspection

One of the goals of CBT to is help people be more self-aware. The daily measure that NeuroTracker delivers encourages patients to relate how they think and behave, to their cognitive performance scores.

For instance with one client, the night after consuming alcohol his NeuroTracker scores dropped to around 33% of his current baseline. For him this was an eye opener in terms of actually discovering the delayed side effects.

Such feedback provides good stimulus for self-awareness and self-regulation, making it easier to adapt to more positive habits in a constructive way.

4. Pain Management

My patients suffering with chronic pain have given feedback that the NeuroTracker sessions provide a temporary distraction, which they probably weren’t aware could be achieved with mental effort.

Then as they benefit from working with the software they start to learn more generally how to focus their minds away from the pain and on the task at hand. This is empowering because it gives reassurance that with mental focus they have some control over what they feel, as well be more fully engaged in activities that pain would normally distract them from.

Objectively the pain hasn’t changed, but subjectively they report overall that it seems to go down a notch.

Going Forward

As I work with more patients I’m hoping to see a trend of the CBT therapy being successful in shorter timeframes, and generally better outcomes in therapy. If patients can successfully exit therapy sooner, it more than justifies the 6-minutes of training per day, because they are able to get on with their lives sooner.

From a broader perspective I’m also keen to explore the applications of this approach beyond the clinical setting. As the training is tailored for remote services, I’m very interested in exploring NeuroTracker for life coaching programs internationally.

I certainly see potential using this tool as a way to stimulate high-level cognitive functions, and how this can be of real value for lots of different types of individuals’ needs, from wellness to high-performance. I'm certainly excited to explore the potential of this neurotechnology.

You can learn more about the work I do through Unity Wellness here.

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In recent decades neuroscience has developed more quickly than almost all other fields of science. This is important, because with this comes the potential to positively transform our lives through applying neurotechnologies to train the cognitive abilities we rely on in everyday life. Here we will take a look at the approach we have evolved through Optima and with our partner the Neurosens Institute.

About Optima

Optima was created in 2016 to support children, adolescents and adults in improving their quality of life or their performance. Whatever type of client we work with, the goal is to help them express their best potential.

In particular we strive to take a humanist approach to therapy, with each patient or client being a key player we work with together, to progress towards the benefits they seek.

We first learn about their story and needs, give them an understanding the context of our scientific approach, and form specific objectives for the outcomes we can support them with. Throughout the training process we try to listen and be attentive to each person’s needs.

Neurofeedback as the Foundation

Our overall approach is about combining different validated training methods developed in Europe and America. However, at the core of our work is specialism in neurofeedback, which aside from being a direct treatment modality, provides a window into the brain so we can monitor progress over time.

Our team has accumulated 11K+ hours of neurofeedback training experience, and has performed more than 1,000 evaluations using quantitative EEG (qEEG).

We first prepare for each session by setting up the equipment, calibrating the sensors specific to the brain regions being trained, and outlining the objectives of the session. Then we perform 7 to 10 supervised sequences of 3 minutes involving videos or specific tasks related to the training objectives.

Lastly the neurofeedback practitioner analyzes changes in brain activity at the end of the training session, reviewing the findings with the client.

Taking an Integrative Neurotechnology Approach

Depending on the outcomes and objectives, we may then adapt future sessions with biofeedback techniques like cardiac coherence, cognitive remediation methods, or specific exercises carried out in parallel.

For children with learning difficulties, we offer graphotherapy. This is an effective handwriting rehabilitation program which aids adolescents struggling with handwriting difficulties to find the best balance between speed, readability, comfort and cognitive effort.

We also integrate NeuroTracker with many of our clients, particularly for sports performance training. Through applying this 3D multiple object training paradigm over several hours of distributed training sessions, we typically focus on achieving the following benefits.

• Reinforcement of the perception of the game

• Improved interpretation of body language

• Acceleration of decision-making, without impulsiveness

• Optimization of game opportunities

• Maximization of the level of alertness despite the pressure

• Limiting the impact of sensory distractions

However, with this task the training stimulation is highly adaptive, and numerous scientific studies show it is an effective form of training for many populations. Therefore, we can usually offer it to all of our clients.

Additionally, we are interested in following some of the research which has demonstrated that Neurofeedback can improve learning efficiency with this specific training task.

Bringing Things Together

By constructively integrating a variety of neurotechnologies and training methods into our services we can achieve wider benefits through our Neurolearning Program. Collectively we then strive to maximize positive cognitive traits and minimize negative traits, so that meaningful changes can be optimally applied to most people’s real-life performance needs.

Maximized Positive Traits

• Attention

• Concentration

• Memorization

• Methodology

• Self-esteem

• Communication

• Sleep

Minimized Negative Traits

• Stress

• Anxiety

• Emotivity

• Hyperactivity

• Impulsivity

• Compulsivity

• Procrastination

Looking Forward

We are optimistic about the benefits that modern neuroscience and neurotechnologies have to offer in improving people's lives. The pace of research and technology is developing quickly, and the potential is great. However, we believe the true benefits lie in bringing together different techniques into a more holistic approach, so we can optimize each individual’s cognitive abilities according to their particular needs.

From this perspective we are excited to keep on evolving the practical applications of new methods in order to harness the potential benefits. If you are interested in learning more, you can explore our work on our Optima website.

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We’ve entered the busiest shopping season of the year. At every turn, stores are trying to seduce you with enticing deals and alluring merchandise. Doesn’t it seem too easy to get a rush while holiday shopping? Or get a thrill when you see that coveted item for 75% off?

If you’ve experienced these feelings, you’re not alone. In fact, our brains are chemically programmed to respond to sales. For some of us, signs shouting one-day-only sale, clearance and 50% off, are not so different from the siren call for other types of addictions, such as alcohol, drugs, or even food.

Dopamine Rush

You don’t even have to be diagnosed as a shopaholic to experience a rush while shopping. That’s why even the casual shopper finds it challenging to exercise self-control at the cash register. Researchers at Stanford found that when you see pictures of items you’d like to buy, a region of your brain with dopamine receptors is activated.

In general, dopamine receptors are activated when you experience something new, exciting or challenging. This could range from eating something tasty to winning a competitive game. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that helps control the brain’s reward and pleasure centers. It enables us not only to see rewards but to take action to move toward them.

So when you see sales items while shopping, it triggers a sensation of instant gratification. The more you feel good about a sale, the more likelihood you will continue to shop. But afterwards, similar to alcoholics or drug addicts, intense feelings of guilt may arise. To get that high again, however, we go back for more.

Irrationality and Impulse

Dopamine also helps regulate movement and emotional responses. In reality, we typically decide on a purchase in a split second, without much rational thought. When attracted to the sales tag, we don’t employ the usual process of weighing the outcome.

The same type of thought, for instance, that helps us avoid sloppiness in a work presentation or think twice about reckless behaviour. These types of decisions are often made subconsciously.  During purchase excitement, there is a spike in brainwaves that occurs. It results in “emotional engagement” in a specific product.

In most cases, those impulses are triggered by our previous experiences with specific brands. They can also be triggered when we spot items on our wish list. A lot of us are not necessarily addicted to the things we buy, but rather to the thrill of the hunt. MRI studies of brain activity suggest that surges in dopamine levels are linked much more with anticipation of an experience, rather than the actual experience. Consequently, feelings of wellbeing begin when a shopper just thinks about shopping. This can occur days or even weeks before they even head to the store.

Fight or Flight Response

During a sale, the body’s autonomic nervous system (the system that triggers our fight or flight response) reflexively takes control of some organs. As a result, a heightened response in the body is created, similar to the one early humans had when encountering predators. It can be difficult to control your impulse to buy an attractive item, when your brain is switched into “competitive mode.”

This occurs due to the fear of missing out on a purchase; if you don’t buy it, someone else will. Known as the loss aversion theory, sales drive a compulsion to buy an item, because it presents the threat of a loss. As a result, we irrationally overvalue losses approximately twice as much as gains.

On the other hand, some shoppers experience a slower heart rate, less anxiety and exhilaration while shopping. We’ve all heard about “retail therapy” as a means to relax and escape from daily problems.

Thrill of the Hunt

This holiday season, go ahead and indulge in a few sales items. Remember though, that it’s easy to trigger that motivation to search for coveted items. Shopping feels similar to a treasure hunt. But, you may be overestimating the amount of pleasure you will receive once you’ve found the item you want to purchase. Bear that in mind before you start splurging on your credit card. Happy hunting!

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Our gut is home to trillions of beneficial bacteria, often referred to as the gut microbiome. Few people are aware that 70-80% of immune cells in the human body reside in the gut, providing your body’s first line of defense against pathogens. For this reason it plays a key role not just in our digestion, but also in our overall health and even psychological wellbeing. It's about more than simply what you eat - checkout our 5 different tips to look after your gut this winter.

1. Eat a Variety of Prebiotics

Prebiotics are substances that feed our gut in ways that allow healthy bacteria to thrive, and even synthesize essential vitamins for our daily needs. They are also essential for digestion, immunity, and absorbing vitamins.

As a simple rule of thumb eating a wide variety of fruits and vegetables is key. These provide a healthy dose of vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals, as well delivering fiber which essentially help fuel gut bacteria.

Nuts, seeds, and legumes are likewise helpful ingredients in your diet and an excellent source of protein and fiber. Cashews, walnuts, pumpkin seeds, lentils, and red kidney beans are good examples of foods to snack on or add into meals.

When it comes to carbs, whole grains are the way to go. Again they are a great source of dietary fiber, plus they have a much lower glycemic load which avoids insulin spikes and cravings for quick calories. Barley, brown rice, bulgur, millet, oats, quinoa, whole wheat breads and natural cereals are all good examples of whole grain foods.

Buying natural and whole foods will help promote a diverse microbiome, which in turn will help support your immune system through winter.

2. Add Fermented Foods to Your Daily Diet

One of the easiest ways to directly support the gut microbiome is to include foods naturally rich in probiotics, which basically tops up your gut with good live bacteria.

Foods like sauerkraut, kimchi, miso, kombucha, traditional cheeses, live yoghurt and kefir all contain good live bacteria. Consuming a mix of these each week or month will help your gut expand its bacterial diversity, which aids with a more robust microbiome overall.

In addition, garlic has particular benefits because contains a rarer type of prebiotic as well as providing allicin and other nutrients shown to enhance the immune system.

An additional option for convenience to take a daily probiotic tablet. Multi-strain bacteria are the best type. This method can be an especially helpful if taking a course of antibiotics, as these also tend to kill off good bacteria alongside infections, and tablet probiotics are a quick way to aid microbiome recovery.

3. Avoid Processed Foods

Processed foods disturb the lining of the GI tract, they have low-fiber content which can lead to constipation, as well as aggravate existing GI symptoms. They are more likely to contain harmful trans fats, increasing bad (LDL) cholesterol levels in the body and gut inflammation.

They tend to be very high in calories and refined sugars, being a major contribution to diabetes risks. Furthermore, they are often rich in artificial ingredients for sweetening, food coloring and flavoring, typically associated with harmful effects on the body.

4. Top Up Your Vitamin D

Vitamin D is the body’s most important vitamin, with lack of it being associated with numerous serious diseases. In countries like the UK, the national health service recommends supplementing with vitamin D, as most people fall below the recommended levels.

On the positive side vitamin D supports gut health by strengthening the gut barrier and reducing git inflammation. It is also found on most cells of the immune system.

Fish is generally the best way to consume a high dietary source of vitamin D. However, sunlight is the most common way our body can harvest vitamin D, as our skin can synthesize it and even build up surplus store for later use.

In countries where sunlight drops through the winter, taking a holiday to warmer climes is great way to top up for a month or two. But even just 10-15 minutes of sun exposure per day can provide levels equivalent to a diet high in fish. In order to active vitamin synthesis a minimum angle of sunlight is required, as a rough guide your shadow needs to be shorter than your height, so choosing midday for a short stroll during winter months is a good idea.

5. Plan Some R&R

The gut-brain axis is a two-way system where the gut influences the brain and vice versa, so the state of your mind can have a direct effect on the condition of your gut microbiome. Accumulative mental stress weakens the immune system, sometimes causing inflammatory conditions.

As such, relaxation time can help your overall gut health and immunity. Relaxation exercises like meditation and deep breathing are well known to keep your mind calm even in short daily doses.

Disturbed sleep and short sleep duration are both associated with imbalanced gut microbes. Similarly, growing evidence suggests our gut microbes can affect the quality of our sleep. Quality sleep in winter can increase energy levels, improve mood and reduce stress.

As the daylight levels change it is generally good practice a follow a consistent bedtime routine, avoid late night screen exposure, and to get outside as much as possible during the day to keep your circadian rhythm balanced.

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